tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-44659507309531868512024-03-16T11:52:26.281-07:00Space and PoliticsBlog on the spatial and affective rhythms of politics - Blog sobre los ritmos espaciales y afectivos de la políticaGastón Gordillohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524310935707885766noreply@blogger.comBlogger54125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4465950730953186851.post-37905032478672742122019-01-26T16:51:00.000-08:002019-01-26T16:51:32.544-08:00Teaching about The Revolution in Urgent Times<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<i>This is the syllabus and overview of the course “The Anthropology of Insurrections and Revolution” that I’m currently teaching at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, to 67 second-year undergraduate students. Several people asked me to make the syllabus public, so here it is: my 2 cents on how to teach about insurrections and revolution at a time when the world is headed toward an environmental-social catastrophe unless we manage to generate truly revolutionary changes. No syllabus can do justice to this topic, so I’d love to hear suggestions, comments, criticisms, etc.</i><br />
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<b>Overview</b><br />
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Insurrections and
revolutions have been among the most transformative events in history, for
they destroy powerful systems while creating new ideas, values, relations, and experiences. The modern world, in fact, is largely the
outcome of several waves of revolutions and counter-revolutions. In this course,
we will examine, <span style="color: black;">on the one hand, the specificity of some
key insurrections and revolutions in different places and historical moments. At
the same time, we will analyze each case-study (from the Haitian Revolution to
the eco-feminist revolutionary collectives in western Syria) in order to debate
broader conceptual questions about the power, rhythms, intensity, failures, and liberating possibilities of rebellions
and revolutions in recent history and, especially, in our fraught present.
This course has been conceived with the conviction that debating the question of
revolution is an urgent collective task giving the environmental and social catastrophe
looming over the world. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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After discussing why the urgency posed by global warming is
reviving the question of revolution, we will be examine, first, what could be
called the “enigma” of revolutions: why they take place in some moments and places and not in others; or as Rosa Luxemburg put it, the enigmatic fact that
revolutions seem impossible until they happen, and are subsequently felt as
inevitable (case study: the rebellions that led to fall of the Berlin Wall). We
will then analyze how the general contours of the modern world were largely forged by the great revolutions
of the late 1700s on both sides of the Atlantic. Our main case-study will
be, in counterpoint to the French and American Revolutions, what was then the most radical
insurrection in world history, the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804), led by
people of African ancestry enslaved by French colonialism. We shall then de-masculinize the image of insurrections by highlighting the role of women as revolutionary subjects and the growing salience of feminism
as a force for radical change (case studies: witch-hunts in the European
middle-ages; the Paris Commune; the Spanish Civil War; the Argentine feminist
rebellion). We will subsequently analyze two contrasting forms of revolutionary
action: the commune and the party. First, we’ll focus on the Paris Commune: the
festive, popular rebellion that took over Paris for two months in 1871, only to
be massacred by the French army. The following week we will focus on the
most famous revolutionary party: the Bolshevik Party that led the 1917
Russian Revolution, and especially how it countered the alleged organizational limits of
the Paris Commune with leadership, discipline, and attentiveness to logistics
and terrain. We will then examine those cases in which revolutions lead to “revolutionary
terror,” i.e. unbound violence against the (alleged) enemies of the revolution,
partly replicating the state terror that they had sought to fight (case studies:
the Algerian anti-colonial insurrection and the French Jacobins). The following
week we will discuss the emotional and bodily nature of insurrections, and the
fact that what makes multitudes rebel are usually affective rather than purely ideological
reasons (case studies: the Central American insurrections of the 1970s-1980s). <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: black;">In the last section, we will see discuss how in the past
few decades radical practices of resistance worldwide have moved away from the old
(and largely failed) paradigm of revolutions as explosive events led by a leader-vanguard
and toward the cultivation of everyday, territorial, bottom-up forms of
insurgent, anti-systemic power. We will first examine the leading role played
by indigenous people in rethinking rebellions as grassroots forms of
territorial and communal control (case studies: the Zapatista uprising in Mexico
and radical indigenous activism in Canada). The following two weeks we will
discuss, first, the leaderless insurrections that shook the world in 2011 by
creating large assemblies in public spaces (case studies: the Arab Spring and
Occupy Wall Street) and the blockades that seek to interrupt the flows and infrastructures
of the global metropolis (case study: the blockade of fossil fuel
infrastructures in western Canada). We will conclude the course with a
discussion on the grassroots efforts, taking place on multiple continents, to rethink
revolutions via a revival of the figure of “the commune” as the territorial manifestation
of radical democracy (case studies: ZAD and NOTAV in Europe; the Venezuelan
communes; the Rojava revolution in western Syria). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><o:p>Course Schedule and Readings</o:p></b></div>
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The texts listed as "further readings" are optional, but their relevance for that week's topic will be discussed in class.<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Week 1. Introduction </b><o:p></o:p></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Week 2. Thinking About the Revolution in Urgent
Times </b><o:p></o:p></div>
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<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15;"><u>Films</u>:
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://watchdisruption.com/">Disruption</a> </i>(2014, 51 minutes) and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAH3IQwHKag">The Inside Story of Extinction Rebellion</a></i> (2018, The Guardian, 14 minutes)</li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l16 level1 lfo2;">Malm, Andreas. 2018.
<a href="https://socialistproject.ca/2018/04/revolution-in-a-warming-world/">Revolution in a Warming World: Lessons from the Russian and Syrian Revolutions</a>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Bullet</i>. April
23, 2018.</li>
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<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal">Wallace-Wells, David. 2018. <a href="http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/10/un-says-climate-genocide-coming-but-its-worse-than-that.html">The UN Says Climate Genocide is Coming</a>: It’s Actually Worse Than That. <i>The New York Magazine</i>. October 10, 2018.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l16 level1 lfo2;">The Invisible Committee.
2017. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Now</i>. Los Angeles:
Semiotext(e). Chapter 1: Tomorrow is Cancelled (pp. 7-18). </li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal">Malm, Andreas. 2018. <a href="https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/4156-a-lesson-in-how-not-to-mitigate-climate-change">A Lesson in How Not to Mitigate Climate Change</a>. <i>Verso Blog</i>. Posted December 7, 2018 (2 pages).</li>
</ul>
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<span lang="EN-US"> <u>Further Reading</u></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><u><br /></u></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal">Klein, Naomi. 2014 <i>This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Environment</i>. New York: Simon and Schuster. Chapter 2: Hot Money (pp. 64-95).</li>
</ul>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Week 3. The Enigma of Revolutions: Why do People Revolt? Why They Don't?</b></div>
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<ul>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Marx, Karl and Fredrik Engels 1992
(1848) <i>The Communist Manifesto</i>.
Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chapter 1: Bourgeois and Proletarians (pp.
2-16).</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Roseberry, William. 1994. Hegemony
and the Language of Contention. In </span><i style="text-indent: -18pt;">Everyday
Forms of State Formation,</i><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"> edited by Gilbert Joseph and Daniel Nugent. Pp.
355-366. Durham: Duke University Press.</span></li>
</ul>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Further Reading</span></u></div>
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<!--EndFragment--></o:p></div>
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<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Yurchak, Alexei. 2005. <i>Everything Was Forever, Until it Was No
More: The Last Soviet Generation</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Conclusion
(pp. 282-298).</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Week 4. Revolution in the Colonies: Radical
Universalism vs. Eurocentric Liberalism (Haiti, 1791-1804)</b></div>
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<li><u style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #0a0a0a;">Film</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a0a; text-indent: -18pt;">: <i><a href="https://vimeo.com/213852728">Egalite for All:Toussaint Louverture & The Haitian Revolution</a></i> (PBS, 2009).</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>James, C.L.R. 1989. <a href="http://ouleft.org/wp-content/uploads/CLR_James_The_Black_Jacobins.pdf">The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L’Ouverture and the Saint Dominique Revolution</a>. New York:
Vintage. Preface to the First Edition (pp. i-xxv) and Chapter 4: The Santo
Domingo Masses Begin (pp. 85-117).</li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo3; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. 1995.
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Silencing the Past: Power and the Production
of History</i>. Boston: Beacon Press. Chapter 3: An Unthinkable History
(pp 70-107).</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: skip;">
<u><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Further Readings</span></u></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Arendt, Hanna. 2006 [1951]. </span><i style="text-indent: -18pt;">On Revolution</i><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">. New York: Penguin.
Chapter 1: The Meaning of Revolution (pp. 11-48).</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Guha,
Ranajit. 1999. <i>Elementary Aspects of
Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India</i>. Durham: Duke University Press.
Introduction (pp. 1-17). </li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: skip;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: skip;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Week 5. Women as Revolutionary Subjects: Undoing
Patriarchy (Medieval Europe; The Paris Commune; Revolutionary Spain; Argentina)
</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13;"><u>Film</u>:
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://vimeo.com/201601603">Libertarias</a></i> (1996, directed by
Vicente Aranda; excerpt)</li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13;">Federici,
Silvia. 2004. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Caliban and the Witch</i>.
Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia. Preface (pp. 7-10). </li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13;">Thomas,
Edith. 2007 [1963]. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Women
Incendiaries</i>. Chicago: Haymarket. Introduction (pp. i-xiv) and Chapter
Ten: Ambulance Nurses, Canteen Workers, Fighters (pp. 133-149).</li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6;">Gago,
Verónica. 2018. <a href="https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/3886-spirituality-as-a-force-of-rebellion-the-movement-for-legal-abortion-in-argentina">Spirituality as a Force of Rebellion</a>: The Movement for
Legal Abortion in Argentina. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Verso
Blog</i>. Posted June 18, 2018.</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<u> Further Reading</u><br />
<u><br /></u></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6;">Lines,
Lisa 2009. Female Combatants in the Spanish Civil War: Milicianas on the
Front Lines and in the Rearguard. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal
of International Women’s Studies.</i> 10(4): 168-187.</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt;">
<b>Week 6.</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> The Revolutionary Commune: Radical Democracy
(Paris, 1871) </b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo16;"><u>Film</u>:
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HGjbZ2USeSM">The Commune</a> </i>(2000, directed by
Peter Watkin; excerpt).</li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4;">Ross,
Kristin. 2016. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Communal Luxury: The
Political Imaginary of the Paris Commune</i>. London: Verso. Chapter 1:
Beyond the “Cellular Regime of Nationality” (pp. 11-38).</li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4;">Badiou,
Alain. 2008. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Communist
Hypothesis</i>. London: Verso. Chapter III: The Paris Commune: A Political
Declaration on Politics (pp. 168-228)</li>
</ul>
<u>Further Reading</u><br /><ul>
<li>Marx, Karl. 1988 [1871] <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Civil War in France</i>. New York: International Publishers. Parts III and IV, pp. 54-85.</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Week 7. The Revolutionary Party: Leadership and Logistics (Russia, 1917)</b>
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5;">Luxemburg,
Rosa. 1940 [1918]. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1918/russian-revolution/index.htm">The Russian Revolution</a></i>. Workers Age Publishers: New York. Chapter 1: Fundamental
Significance of the Russian Revolution.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5;">Trotsky,
Leon. 2008. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">History of the Russian
Revolution</i>. Chicago: Heymarket.<a href="https://www.marxistsfr.org/history/etol/newspape/themilitant/1935/v01n45/trotsky.htm"> Chapter 42: The Art of Insurrection</a> (Pp.
740-763).</li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5;">Malaparte,
Curzio. 1931. <a href="https://delong.typepad.com/malaparte-coup-detat-the-technique-of-revolution-2004.pdf">The Technique of Revolution.</a> Aurora, IL: Morris. Chapter 1: The Bolsheviks’ Coup d’Etat
and Trotzky’s Tactics.</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<u>Further Readings</u><br />
<u><br /></u></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li>Miéville,
China. 2017. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">October: The Story of
the Russian Revolution</i>. London: Verso. Chapter 10: Red October (pp.
256-304).</li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5;">Luxemburg,
Rosa. 1940 [1918]. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Russian
Revolution</i>. Workers Age publishers: New York. Chapter 8: Democracy and
Dictatorship.</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Week 8. Revolutionary Terror: Unbound Negativity (Algeria and the
French Jacobins) </b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12;"><u>Film</u>:
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f_N2wyq7fCE">The Battle of Algiers</a></i> (1967; directed
by Gillo Pontecorvo, excerpt). </li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12;">Fanon,
Frantz. 1963. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://abahlali.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Frantz-Fanon-The-Wretched-of-the-Earth-1965.pdf">The Wretched of the Earth</a></i>. New York: Grove Press. Concerning Violence (pp. 35-95,
selections).</li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7;">Horne,
Alistair. 2006. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Savage War for
Peace: Algeria, 1954-1962</i>. New York: New York Review of Books. Chapter
9: The Battle of Algiers (pp. 183-207).</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u>Further Reading</u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; text-indent: -18pt;">Žižek, Slavoj. 2008.
<i>In Defense of Lost Causes</i>. London:
Verso. Chapter 4: Revolutionary Terror from Robespierre to Mao (pp. 157-210).</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Week 9. The Affective Power of Insurrections: Emotional Warfare and its
Afterlives (the Central American Insurrections: 1970s-1980s)</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><u style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Film</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHO-WiiZba0">In the Name of the People:El Salvador’s Civil War </a>(1985, excerpt).</span><b><o:p> </o:p></b></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Cabezas, Omar. 1986. The Mountain Mourns a Son. </span><i style="text-indent: -18pt;">Fire from the Mountain: The Making of a
Sandinista</i><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">. Pp. 115-128. New York: Plume Books.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Beasley-Murray, Jon. 2010. </span><i style="text-indent: -18pt;">Posthegemony: Political Theory and Latin America</i><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">. Minneapolis:
University of Minnesota Press. Chapter 3: Escalón 1989: Deleuze and Affect (pp.
125-173).</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><u style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Guest speaker</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">: Professor Jon Beasley-Murray (<span style="background: white; color: #222222;">French, Hispanic and Italian Studies, UBC).</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span lang="EN-US"> <u>Further
Reading</u></span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Anderson, Jon Lee. 2018. “Fake News” and Unrest
in Nicaragua. </span><i style="text-indent: -18pt;">The New Yorker</i><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">.
September 3, 2018.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Week 10. Indigenous Insurrections: Making Territories in Rebellion (The
Zapatistas in Mexico and radical indigenous activism in Canada) </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9;"><u>Film</u>:
<i><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HYgd9_Mr-LU">A Place Called Chiapas</a></i> (1998; directed by Nettie Wild, excerpt)</li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9;">Speed,
Shannon. 2007. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rights in Rebellion:
Indigenous Struggle and Human Rights in Chiapas</i>. Stanford: Stanford
University Press. Chapter 7: “Improving the Paths of Resistance” (pp.
155-173).</li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11;">Coulthard,
Glen. 2014. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Red Skin, White Masks:
Rejecting the Colonial Politics of Recognition</i>. Minneapolis:
University of Minnesota Press. Conclusions: Lessons from Idle No More: The
Future of Indigenous Activism (pp. 151-179).</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul>
<li><u>Guest
speaker</u>: Professor Glen Coulthard (<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">First Nations and Indigenous Studies and
Political Science, UBC).</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: skip;">
<u>Further Reading</u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Simpson, Leanne. 2017. <i>As We Have Always Done: Indigenous Freedom
Through Radical Resistance</i>. Conclusion: Toward Radical Resurgent Struggle (pp.
233-247).</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Week 11. Leaderless Insurrections: Assemblies in Public Squares (the Arab
Spring and Occupy Wall Street) </b><u><o:p></o:p></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10;">Bayat,
Asef. 2017. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Revolution without
Revolutionaries. Making Sense of the Arab Spring.</i> Stanford: Stanford
University Press. Chapter 6: Square and Counter-Square (pp. 113-134).</li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10;">Winegar,
Jessica. 2012. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1548-1425.2011.01349.x">The Privilege of Revolution</a>: </span>Gender, Class, Space, and Affect in Egypt. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">American Ethnologist</i>. 39 (1): 67–70.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10;">Juris,
Jeffrey. 2012.<a href="https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1548-1425.2012.01362.x"> </a><span style="color: #1c1d1e;"><a href="https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1548-1425.2012.01362.x">Reflections on #Occupy Everywhere</a>: Social Media, Public Space, and Emerging Logics of Aggregation.
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">American Ethnologist</i>. 39(2):
259-279.</span><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<u>Further Readings</u></div>
<br /><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li>Butler,
Judith. 2015. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Notes Toward a
Performative Theory of Assembly</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Chapter 5: “We, the People”: Thoughts on Freedom of Assembly (Pp. 154-192).</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10;">Dean,
Jodi 2016. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Crowds and Party</i>.
London: Verso. Introduction. </li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10;">Hardt,
Michael, and Antonio Negri. 2017. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Assembly</i>.
Oxford: Oxford University Press. Preface (Pp. i-xxii).</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Week 12. Interrupting the Metropolis: Blockades, Sabotage, Counter-logistics
</b><u><o:p></o:p></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11;">The Invisible
Committee. 2015. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">To Our Friends</i>.
Los Angeles: Semiotext(e). <a href="https://ruinsofcapital.noblogs.org/files/2015/07/PowerIsLogisticIMP.pdf">Chapter 3: Power is Logistics, Block Everything!</a>
(Pp. 81-98). </li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Toscano,
Alberto.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;"> 2011. <a href="http://www.metamute.org/editorial/articles/logistics-and-opposition">Logistics and Opposition</a>. <i>Mute</i>. 3(2):1-13.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Cowen, Deborah. 2017.
<a href="https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/3067-infrastructures-of-empire-and-resistance">Infrastructures of Empire and Resistance.</a> <i>Verso
Blog.</i> Posted 25 January 25, 2017.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt;">
<u>Further
Reading<o:p></o:p></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Bernes, Jasper. 2013.
<a href="https://endnotes.org.uk/issues/3/en/jasper-bernes-logistics-counterlogistics-and-the-communist-prospect">Logistics, Counterlogistics, and the Communist Prospect</a>. <i>Endnotes</i> 3 (1-14).</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Week 13. The Coming Communal Revolution? Final Discussion</b><u><o:p></o:p></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10;">Clover,
Joshua. 2016. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Riot. Strike. Riot:
The New Era of Uprisings</i>. London: Verso. Chapter 9: Riot Now: Square,
Street, Commune (pp. 175-192). </li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11;">Ross,
Kristin. 2018. Preface: Making a Territory. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The ZAD and NOTAV: Territorial Struggles and the Making of a New
Political Intelligence</i>, by the Mauvaise Troupe Collective. London:
Verso (pp. ix-xxiii). </li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11;">Ciccariello-Maher,
George. 2016. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Building the Commune:
Radical Democracy in Venezuela</i>. London: Verso. Introduction (pp. 1-12),
Chapter 1: A History of the Commune (pp. 14-28), and Conclusion: A
Communal Future? (pp. 121-135).</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<u>Further Readings<o:p></o:p></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><o:p> </o:p><span style="text-indent: -17.85pt;">Badiou, Alain 2012. </span><i style="text-indent: -17.85pt;">The Rebirth of History: Time of Riots and Uprisings</i><span style="text-indent: -17.85pt;">. London: Verso.
Chapter 8: State and Politics: Identity and Genericity (pp. 71-84).</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -17.85pt;">Saed. 2017. From the October Revolution to
Revolutionary Rojava: An Ecosocialist Reading. </span><i style="text-indent: -17.85pt;">Capitalism, Nature, Socialism,</i><span style="text-indent: -17.85pt;"> 28 (4): 3-20.</span></li>
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Gastón Gordillohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524310935707885766noreply@blogger.com273tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4465950730953186851.post-1185374763612788442016-12-23T12:07:00.004-08:002016-12-23T12:13:33.636-08:00Terrain<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span lang="EN-US">Forthcoming in <i>Lexicon for an Anthropocene Yet Unseen, </i>edited by
Anand Pandian and Cymene Howe (2017, Punctum).</span></div>
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wind was strong and steady, regularly shaking up the wooden structure of
Martín’s home while we were inside talking and occasionally pausing to feel the
power of that unruly atmosphere. Gushes of air and dust occasionally got
inside, for the house’s door-less entrance was covered by a tarp that every now
and then relented to the air’s pressure. That opening also let us see clouds of
dust churning wildly outside. Those swarms of dust briefly receded to reveal
some of Martín’s cattle fifty meters away, only to form again constellations of
particles blurring most objects and their forms in a haze.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> I was in Salta Forestal, a rural
area located 80 kilometers east of the town of Las Lajitas and one of the
hotspots of the soy frontier in northern Argentina. This was once a heavily
forested part of the western Gran Chaco —the tropical lowlands that encompass
much of northern Argentina, western Paraguay, and southeast Bolivia. But when
the price of soy rose dramatically in the early 2000s and led to the Argentine
soy boom, businessmen and officials saw those forests inhabited by campesinos
as available space to be turned into soy fields. Bulldozers, often supported
with armed civilians and the police, began pushing forth against the forest and
its human and non-human inhabitants. As the wind raged outside, Martín and Ana,
his wife, described how a decade earlier they had confronted and stopped
eighteen bulldozers that were crushing a forest two kilometers from their home.
With the help of over 200 other residents from a wide area, they set up
barricades and forced the drivers to abandon the machines. After a long legal
dispute, a sympathetic judge eventually ruled in their favor, for Martin’s
family was able to prove that despite lacking legal titles they had been living
there since the 1930s —which under Argentine law gives families ownership
rights. Their struggle managed to save 5,000 hectares of forests where they
raise 200 head of cattle. But this was a localized victory that could not stop
the deforestation of surrounding areas. The forests that Martín and Ana’s
family saved from destruction, in this regard, are now surrounded by fields
planted with genetically-modified soy and regularly sprayed with herbicides. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> As I was listening to Martín and
Ana’s accounts, our conversation kept returning to the power of the wind. “This
wind is unbelievable!” Ana exclaimed, raising her voice as the noise of things
battered outside by the wind increased. “It’s because of the fields,” Ana said
again. Martín nodded. They explained that winds like that did not exist when
the area was covered with forests. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">With most of the forests gone, they said,
powerful winds appear out of nowhere, blowing through those open fields and
scattering huge amounts of soil into the air. On windy days, blue skies acquire
a brownish tone. Without the forests, as a woman in another town put it, people
now have to brave “<i>tierrales horribles,</i>”
“horrible dust clouds.” The air is so full of microscopic particles that
residents suffer epidemics of allergies previously unknown in the region.
Everybody agrees that the air is drier and hotter, rains are scarcer, and
droughts are longer and more intense. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Scientists have confirmed this
perception, for the destruction of forests meant the disappearance of the moisture
that forests absorb and release into the atmosphere. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> Local people’s perception that the very
texture of space has changed makes apparent that the soy boom has created much
more than political, cultural, and territorial transformations. Those socio-political
transformations have, indeed, been profound. What once was peasant territory
formed by families sharing the forest as a commons has become a largely
deforested, depopulated, privatized constellation of mechanized farms that
produce for the world market. As a result, the sensibilities of residents
forced to resettle in towns are now under the influence of urbanized patterns
of consumption and new class inequalities. But something else has changed in
the region: the ambient texture, forms, and rhythms of terrain. The tactile
materiality of terrain, in particular, has adopted new levels of ambient
thickness: that is, of palpable intensities that in the form of wind gushes,
heat waves, or dust affect people’s mobility, visibility, and sensory experience.
This ambient density has been made all the more intense by the impact of
climate change, of which deforestation by industrial agriculture is one of the
most important contributors. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> Global warming challenges
human-centered views of places, landscapes, and territories as socially
configured spatial fields for a simple reason: it confronts us with the vast,
uncontrollable physicality of terrain. I propose “terrain” for our lexicon of
the future because only this term admits that all actually-existing places have
volumes, forms, and textures that are irreducible and indifferent to human
practice, and whose dynamism becomes most apparent in the elusive physicality
of the wind. And the air moves because we live in a planet in motion that
rhythmically exposes the ocean and the atmosphere to the heat of the sun,
creating temperature imbalances, flows, and currents in a state of flux. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> In the most materialist sense of the
term, “climate change” names the atmospheric process whereby the planetary
terrain is <i>thickening</i>: that is,
increasing the intensity of the physical pressures it imposes on human bodies
and on all life forms through more intense heat, droughts, storms, or rising
sea levels. Terrain, like the deforested terrains of the western Argentine
Chaco, is thereby not a rigid “thing” but a figure of multiplicity and
becoming: a processual, turbulent field of trajectories, objects, and pressure
points that are atmospheric in nature. Atmospheric events, so-often reified as
“the weather” or “nature,” are thereby nothing but part of the ever-shifting
physicality of terrain. And this is a bodily materiality crucial to
understanding what global warming entails for life on Earth. “The era of humans,” or “the Anthropocene,” might be the era, ironically, when modern
humans learn to appreciate, and fear, the power of terrain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i>I wrote this text as an invited post for</i> <a href="http://savageminds.org/2015/11/23/the-ruination-of-written-words/">Savage Minds</a><i>, as part of their Writer's Workshop series. Many thanks to Carole McGranahan for the invitation. </i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> When the Roman Empire collapsed, numerous
libraries and an unknown quantity of books disintegrated with it. Amid a rising
Christianity hostile to traces of paganism, the texts of many authors admired in
Roman antiquity were turned to dust and the memory of their existence
dissolved. Pieces of writing by noted figures such as Cicero or Virgil
certainly survived, but the majority of what these men wrote has been lost. This
was an epochal moment in the history of writing: an imperial collapse so
profound that it physically disintegrated vast amounts of texts, erasing them from
human memory. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> Some books from ancient Rome were
saved from this massive vanishing of written words only because a few copies
survived for over a thousand years in the libraries of European monasteries or in libraries in the Middle-East.
This survival was often the outcome of pure chance: that is, a set of
conjunctural factors somehow allowed those books, and <i>not</i> others, to overcome the wear and tear and ruination of paper
and ink by the physical pressures and cuts inflicted on them by the weather and
by the living forms attracted to them, primarily insects, mice, and humans. In European monasteries, many ancient books and their words disintegrated after a few
centuries, gone forever. But others lingered and were eventually copied by hand
again on new and more robust paper, which could withstand atmospheric and
bodily pressures for the next two to three centuries. Three hundred years or so
later, another monk would grab a manuscript about to disintegrate and copy
those words again. Who knows how many amazing books were eaten away by bugs
simply because no monk chose to save them from their ruination? One of the books
that miraculously survived in a monastery over a millennia of chance encounters
with the void was Lucretius’ extraordinary philosophical treatise <i>De rerum natura, The Nature of Things. <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">What got me thinking about the ruination of
written words is Stephen Greenblatt’s fascinating (if uneven) book <i>The Swerve</i>, which narrates how in 1417 a
book-hunter discovered Lucretius’ <i>The Nature
of Things</i> in a remote monastery. In my book <i>Rubble,</i> I examined how different forms of ruination, from the
Spanish conquest to the soy boom, have created constellations of nodes of rubble
in northern Argentina, many of which are perceived by locals to be haunted
(Gordillo 2014). I therefore read <i>The Swerve</i>
with an eye sensitive to the destruction of places and matter and the affective
materiality of their debris. The richness conveyed by Greenblatt’s story of the
vanishing of Roman books reveals that the physical disintegration and
afterlives of rubble also involve the written word, which in the modern world
is often presented as an emblem of human endurance. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> The striking thing about <i>The Nature of Things</i>’ close encounter
with its ruination is how closely it resonates with Lucretius’ ideas about matter,
contingency, decay, and the void. Lucretius conceptualized and celebrated in
poetic verse the immanent materiality of the world through the lens of
Epicurus’ atomism: the thesis </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">first articulated
in Greece centuries earlier</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> according to
which everything is made out of atoms and void. Written around 40 BC and
admired as well as controversial in its days, <i>The Nature of Things</i> argued that atoms are always moving in the
void, clashing with each other because of their <i>clinamen</i>, or tendency to “swerve.” Amid whirlwinds of random collisions,
atoms create the energy of the universe and all motion, life, and destruction. Hostile
to religious transcendence, Lucretius celebrated chance and the sensuous, fleeting
becoming of life. The Catholic Church condemned Lucretius as a pagan writer and
by the early middle-ages <i>De rerum natura</i>
had been largely forgotten, except by a few scholars who saw it cited in
ancient texts. Yet in a remote monastery those ideas lingered in the fragile materiality
of those written words penned by a man who had long been dead. Those markings
on paper were not just signs with meaning and poetic symbolism: they were traces,
left by a human hand, that had the power to affect. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> Once discovered and disseminated
more widely as a book in 1471, Lucretius’ text subsequently affected some of
the most prominent physicists of early modernity such as Gassendi and Galileo. As
Greenblatt shows, when in 1633 the Inquisition condemned Galileo for claiming that
the Earth moved around the sun, one of the charges was that he was under the
influence of atomism and its pagan physics of motion, which contradicted
Aristotle’s ontology of spatial fixity and stasis. As Michel Serres has argued
in <i>The Birth of Physics,</i> Lucretius is
often misread as an imaginative poet rather than a rigorous philosopher of
physics. But the quantum revolution in physics in the 1900s demonstrated that
Lucretius had brilliantly anticipated, if in rudimentary form, that the
material makeup of the universe comprises, indeed, a ghostly dance of subatomic
patterns in the void. Further, Lucretius deduced the existence of atoms through
the observation of the decay and decomposition of objects such as books, which
in disintegrating into smaller and smaller fragments reveal that the seeming
solidity of matter hides its constitutive void. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> The story of the greatest philosophy
book that survived from the times of the Roman Empire may seem distant from the
experience of writing in our high-tech, hyper-digitized twenty-first century. Writing
has become so deterritorialized, so agile in its capacity to connect humans across
continents through screens, cables, and fiber optics that it is easy to forget
that writing has not ceased to be, and cannot but be, a material practice that
produces a physical object, the written word. Today, as it was in the days of
Lucretius, writing is a form of thinking that mobilizes a geometry between the
hands (or other bodily organs) and tools for leaving material traces on an
object. On a computer, these traces may be digitized but bits of energy are material
nonetheless. This materiality makes of written words, either printed or digitized,
objects always-already subject to ruination. As in medieval monasteries, to
prevent written words from vanishing, human beings have to copy them over and
over again as hardcopies or data files. Writing undoubtedly creates
transcendence, and what Lucretius wrote indeed survived his times and still
affects us today. But written words are immanent traces that, like all objects,
as Lucretius wrote, eventually decompose into atoms moving in the void.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Gastón Gordillohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524310935707885766noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4465950730953186851.post-30958313443672829292015-10-10T15:30:00.002-07:002015-10-11T16:20:09.991-07:00The Vectorial Multitude<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCzzBSByoiSnDCNMU-rvyikhe20e8xRxWkIzbIzI6evJDlS2mu8nmxFiCugByIz76LKhBREv8ZMra-ouGPZ2JeW8u42kTO3iQYufVORw2Xcgoov1R2WcimO2uJlkW9l6-7nFG1s9eJ-Fs/s1600/vectorial+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCzzBSByoiSnDCNMU-rvyikhe20e8xRxWkIzbIzI6evJDlS2mu8nmxFiCugByIz76LKhBREv8ZMra-ouGPZ2JeW8u42kTO3iQYufVORw2Xcgoov1R2WcimO2uJlkW9l6-7nFG1s9eJ-Fs/s320/vectorial+2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> For the past few months,
a multitude of men, women, and children has been piercing through Fortress Europe by the mere
act of moving and persevering in their motion. This motion is propelled by a striving to move <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">away</span>
from places of suffering in Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan and <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">toward</span> the prosperous core of Europe and the promise of a better life. This directionality has disrupted the policed boundaries of Fortress Europe because it formed a human vector: that is, a bodily
force in motion that has a direction, trajectory, and momentum. And the power of this vectorial multitude lies in the sheer numbers of human bodies that are determined to disobey the order that they ought <i>not</i> to move. </span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcu3fBFNsrBg-INoEdDglYNJAlSxRu2C-mcjMlT5Fsyq43dFnN-HyNFWDxGEwEJzjp4IC9sMR8ngvNW-ORcmPhyi4KJIdlCTQSu87pv7QP0RbyZMFaIsKLgNWMRsq-vehEM6lQlzBIvQo/s1600/hobbes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcu3fBFNsrBg-INoEdDglYNJAlSxRu2C-mcjMlT5Fsyq43dFnN-HyNFWDxGEwEJzjp4IC9sMR8ngvNW-ORcmPhyi4KJIdlCTQSu87pv7QP0RbyZMFaIsKLgNWMRsq-vehEM6lQlzBIvQo/s200/hobbes.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Thomas Hobbes was
fearful of the power of vectorial multitudes to threaten the state. He was a talented
geometrician who was convinced that motion is as crucial to understand society
and politics as it is to understand physics. Hobbes had met Galileo in Florence
in 1636, when the latter lived under house arrest by the Inquisition for having
argued that the Earth <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">moved</i>. Galileo
and Hobbes had intense conversations about physics, motion, and geometry over
several weeks. Hobbes left Florence a transformed man. The same way that
Galileo, contra Aristotle, saw motion as the center of physics, Hobbes became
obsessed with the idea that motion and its control are fundamental to the
survival of the state. When he published <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Leviathan</i> in 1651, he insisted that the idea of “freedom” should be
stripped of idealized abstractions and defined exclusively as the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">freedom to move</i>. But absolute freedom
and mobility is the anarchic realm of the “the
war of all against all.” Hobbes therefore argued that the role of the Sovereign
is to calibrate motion. The point is not to prevent bodies from moving, he wrote, “but to direct and keep
them in such a motion, as not to hurt themselves by their own impetuous
desires, rashness, or indiscretion, as Hedges are set, not to stop Travellers,
but to keep them in a way” (388). As an apology of the necessity of state power,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Leviathan</i> celebrates obedience and the
self-discipline of a body that only moves through pre-set channels of mobility,
such as “hedges.” Hobbes's horror of “the war of all against all” is the
horror of a multitude that disobeys, jumps over the hedge, and adopts a
vectorial thrust that makes its constituent bodies move freely and at their leisure. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMr6ppwscR8AEUVum28DddzO_AugY7sGBkt9Ew2sZoIMIZoY7zc0tZ9R8dXMRMrljCmFOqW-WrnLpZ5vmo8_g9qBZalVgyBW86SD3cJVb0W0O3YkV8VIm2zdG1a1cA4EhE0bezh1omQss/s1600/vectorial+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMr6ppwscR8AEUVum28DddzO_AugY7sGBkt9Ew2sZoIMIZoY7zc0tZ9R8dXMRMrljCmFOqW-WrnLpZ5vmo8_g9qBZalVgyBW86SD3cJVb0W0O3YkV8VIm2zdG1a1cA4EhE0bezh1omQss/s400/vectorial+3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> In his <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Willing Slaves of Capita</i>l, Frédéric
Lordon picked up this same problem, if engaging with the materialist geometry
of Spinoza rather than that of Hobbes. Lordon argues that one of the great
mysteries, and one of the main powers, of capitalist hegemony is the ability of
elites “to make others do things,” such as making millions of men and women <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">move</i> in a particular way and with a
particular direction, primarily moving their own bodies from home to the
workplace, “by getting them to put one foot before the other, as revealed by
the striking spectacle of the daily migration toward factories and business
districts…” (121). The political importance of the calibration of motion was also
highlighted by the Argentine President Juan Domingo Perón, who famously said
that good citizens “go from home to work and from work to home.” The sign that
the state is challenged is, precisely, the formation of vectorial multitudes
whose constitutive bodies have broken from their previously predictable
patterns of mobility.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi23ihQ99pnG0j9ffb1UKUIBzqHGdWeBhzzi7ZeXkco5X-GZFRSfpclg5JScJjwC-zJm9BL1OrFbaElZjpatAOB9v_GjK2iMebYNbId5FwCP09jtThTWSnsAq-4n3nbcxYzafQoUOp3Rrs/s1600/vectorial+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi23ihQ99pnG0j9ffb1UKUIBzqHGdWeBhzzi7ZeXkco5X-GZFRSfpclg5JScJjwC-zJm9BL1OrFbaElZjpatAOB9v_GjK2iMebYNbId5FwCP09jtThTWSnsAq-4n3nbcxYzafQoUOp3Rrs/s320/vectorial+5.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> Vectorial multitudes have
long been a crucial physical-political component of most revolutions in history.
The vectors that charged against La Bastille in 1789 Paris, against The Winter
Palace in Saint Petersburg in 1917, or that entered Havana in 1959 have become
celebrated historical icons, as symbols of the power of human bodies in motion
to bring about the collapse of powerful states. Vectorial multitudes, certainly,
can also be generated by the state. But these are vectors that obey orders. The
clearest examples are troops charging ahead in the battlefield, like the
thousands of Allied soldiers who charged against the German
bunkers on the beaches of Normandy in June 1944, or the swarms of cops that
regularly charge against protesters in Baltimore, Cairo or Rio de Janeiro. Yet the main
weapon by the state against vectorial multitudes are walls and fences, like the
one being rapidly built by the Hungarian government to stop the hundreds of thousands of men, women, and children fleeing the wars in Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> Categories such as “war”,
“society,” “history,” and now “refugee crisis” are our attempts to name something
that is hard to conceptualize and wrap our heads around: that in the most
materialist sense of the term what we call “societies” are constellations of
human bodies in motion coming together and dispersing following particular
rhythms. These are bodies that walk, work, run, move in
vehicles, come together and disperse, are obliged to remain in certain places
by force… and, in epochs of unrest, have the capacity to coalesce in vectorial
multitudes: assemblages of striving bodies that in “putting one foot before the
other” and pushing forth can undermine our <a href="http://spaceandpolitics.blogspot.ca/2014/10/world-of-walls.html">World of Walls</a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Gastón Gordillohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524310935707885766noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4465950730953186851.post-19483044173177663162015-08-04T23:09:00.000-07:002016-12-31T00:39:44.400-08:00The Insurgent Underground<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;">The
people of Gaza have long been punished by the Israeli state for refusing to
live in a ghetto, but in July and August 2014 the punishment was particularly
severe, for Palestinian dared to use militarily the only space they can control:
the underground. One of the most powerful militaries in the world became vulnerable
to attacks by combatants moving through an invisible network of tunnels carved
out in the crust of the Earth: the only part of the terrain that the Israeli
military cannot master. In response to the tunnels, the Israeli military unleashed
such levels of violence on Gaza that it killed </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;">2,300 people, most of them civilians,
and reduced thousands of homes and Gaza’s civilian infrastructure to rubble. This
destruction was the reactive response to the perceived power of the underground
to help poorly armed men outmaneuver a high-tech military that can see almost
anything <i>except</i> what lies underneath
the planet’s surface.</span></div>
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<!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8vC5Hk0VKhA3aVvUV0Q2qt32AoJmUQnjXTffmQKAFbyAWQFEmTFJDC98okhrFZJkkWjrVdZzaJd4OkLGaxYMw46C2BegVhPFFMW0Zgjho9cG5BYKQg9sGlRzPzQMuouyhuaesP8-KBhM/s1600/ancient-earth-crust.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8vC5Hk0VKhA3aVvUV0Q2qt32AoJmUQnjXTffmQKAFbyAWQFEmTFJDC98okhrFZJkkWjrVdZzaJd4OkLGaxYMw46C2BegVhPFFMW0Zgjho9cG5BYKQg9sGlRzPzQMuouyhuaesP8-KBhM/s320/ancient-earth-crust.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 36pt;">The underground is the largest space
of our planet: all-pervasive in its presence; invisible to our ordinary senses;
impossible to apprehend in its vastness. For most humans, the ground marks a limit. But in Gaza, besieged from land and sea and surveilled
and attacked from the sky, the ground has become a horizon: a path toward
matter than can be hollowed out by human labor and turned into vectors
of undetected mobility. Palestinians first dug tunnels along the border with
Egypt to smuggle goods essential for everyday life and defy the Israeli blockade. As Eyal Weizman has shown,
this was also the Palestinian response to the politics of verticality enforced by
Israel in its control of the airspace and of all hilltops in the West Bank in
order to have a wide field of vision from above. In creating the tunnels,
Palestinians countered that verticality with a verticality of their own, moving
</span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 36pt;">down</i><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 36pt;"> and </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 36pt;">beyond</i><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 36pt;"> the reach of that panoptic eye. By 2014, the tunnels had expanded
to form a much vaster and deeper infrastructure that was militarized and, more
importantly, designed to pass underneath the hyper-militarized Israeli border
and emerge “on the other side,” within Israeli territory. Israeli officers
called these underground passages “offensive tunnels,” in contrast to the
“defensive tunnels” along the Egyptian border. But as a whole this is basically
an infrastructure of self-defense: it was created by a population submitted to
a restrictive siege by one of the most powerful militaries on the planet,
facing adverse living conditions and a profoundly asymmetrical confrontation.
And this subterranean infrastructure of resistance involved not simply the
production of a new type of place but the weaponization of the terrain of
planet Earth.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD6QmkT6bw0rgrzcaEHQppX7S2PygOBpEA6TqabsBPMUQsCj5dSIknc8MylXWHInLHod6Xrk4eI9DH_qpkH2qXHZ95eGcZ-fSMILjpnyOfgi9V98RgA5UKpUzHotJN7YUMPz8co6TcOMw/s1600/hamas-tunnels-gaza-israel-08192014-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD6QmkT6bw0rgrzcaEHQppX7S2PygOBpEA6TqabsBPMUQsCj5dSIknc8MylXWHInLHod6Xrk4eI9DH_qpkH2qXHZ95eGcZ-fSMILjpnyOfgi9V98RgA5UKpUzHotJN7YUMPz8co6TcOMw/s320/hamas-tunnels-gaza-israel-08192014-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">As soon as combat began in and
around Gaza in early July 2014, it became clear that the confrontation adopted
a different rhythm because of the impact of the tunnels. In a gripping video,
Palestinian combatants (one of them holding the camera) can be seen emerging
from a tunnel behind the militarized fence, running for a few hundred meters in
the open, and then overrunning a fortified Israeli outpost after a brief
firefight. Then you see the combatants retuning safely back to the tunnel’s entrance
loaded with captured Israeli weaponry, closing off the lid behind them, and finding
shelter in the underground.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt;">On the night of July 17-18, after
days of bombings by Israel and rocket attacks flying from Gaza toward Israel,
Israeli ground forces entered Gaza from multiple points with the explicit goal
of wiping out what they called “the tunnels of terror.” As Glen Greenwald
insists, the word “terror” has become a meaningless and purely ideological
category solely used by state agents to name any type of resistance committed
by “them” against “us,” often misnaming what is standard combat between armed
humans. While the Israeli military falsely claimed the tunnels were designed to
attack “Israeli kindergartens,” the tunnels were largely used to attack the IDF forces
surrounding and invading Gaza. Despite carrying highly destructive and
sophisticated weaponry and counting on full control of the airspace via
helicopters, jets, drones, and satellites, the Israeli ground forces entering
Gaza suddenly faced a hard-to-control terrain because of their enemy’s capacity
to move undetected through the tunnels. </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2ks7RLtXhnFnI0AxmsbSr_Lu4xEqn5PH1-7UbC0BU8PWX8jRIQ2bWcs9fK0F6V-Zctqxq1xWRu8pSWB8ziPhAwCiq3_inPH01ufPwjrUMgldtuQUN4EfsUy5dDcG8mpm4SpTLSzzTuDE/s1600/Hamas-Tunnels.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2ks7RLtXhnFnI0AxmsbSr_Lu4xEqn5PH1-7UbC0BU8PWX8jRIQ2bWcs9fK0F6V-Zctqxq1xWRu8pSWB8ziPhAwCiq3_inPH01ufPwjrUMgldtuQUN4EfsUy5dDcG8mpm4SpTLSzzTuDE/s320/Hamas-Tunnels.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><i><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/02/world/middleeast/an-old-playbook-leaves-israel-unready-for-hamass-tunnel-war-.html?_r=0">The New York Times</a></i> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">wrote, “Israeli troops in Gaza described Hamas gunmen who vanished from
one house, like magicians, and suddenly popped up to fire at them from
another.” In <i>The Art of War</i>, Sun Tzu argued that one of the most
important goals in combat is to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">deceive</i>
the enemy: by pretending, for instance, to be “in the east” only to strike
“from the west.” Likewise, Palestinian fighters turned the terrain into a space
of deception, and used “tunnels to surprise the forces from behind and to
attack those in the rear,” confusing Israeli troops, who “find themselves
having to improvise.” “What caught the Israeli off guard,” he article
continues, was the “sophisticated” use of those tunnels, which created a “360
degree front” that undermined the Israeli forces’ situational awareness. Noting
the growing “frustration” among Israeli officers, the same article in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The</i> <i>New York Times</i> quoted
“military experts” who argued that “it is increasingly evident that the Israel
Defense Forces have been operating from an old playbook and are not fully
prepared for a more sophisticated, battle-ready adversary.”</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeDoDqEdrEoT7vQCcdPJLPeHpTykrODCmg3MVc_8hLTtKW70cmEOcfI3gQk8eYh7vxZYIDX76DqPtCrwB1NvIq2tzcvWqpRJsbxMo_FFsJM9BcI_lM6mDEMunNNcMG-IEN9mEePUFixtg/s1600/gaza+tunnels.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeDoDqEdrEoT7vQCcdPJLPeHpTykrODCmg3MVc_8hLTtKW70cmEOcfI3gQk8eYh7vxZYIDX76DqPtCrwB1NvIq2tzcvWqpRJsbxMo_FFsJM9BcI_lM6mDEMunNNcMG-IEN9mEePUFixtg/s320/gaza+tunnels.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Facing this inscrutable obstacle in
their capacity to control Gaza’s battlefield, “the terror tunnels” became the
media’s obsession and the object of the Israeli hard-right’s fury. On July 24,
Martin Sherman published in the <i>Jerusalem Post</i> a piece entitled “<a href="http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Into-the-fray-Why-Gaza-must-go-368862">Why Gaza Must Go</a><span style="color: #0025e5;">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">” He highlighted the anxieties created by the tunnels and criticized the
myopia of Israeli officers who did not foresee their “deadly” and “chilling”
menace: “the devastating potential of an elaborate tunnel system developed by
the terror organizations in Gaza.” Sherman argued that the “mowing the lawn”
strategy of regularly punishing Gaza with intense moments of violence had
failed. He concluded, “The grass needs to be uprooted – once and for all. ….
The only durable solution requires dismantling Gaza, humanitarian relocation of
the non-belligerent Arab population, and extension of Israeli sovereignty over
the region….” The insurgent underground, in short, was perceived to be so
threatening that it triggered calls for the physical obliteration of the whole
of Gaza. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibEgLYcGBWeF5w8ZFBCCbT2REr0WP8loqcpIM57iQsKBhopXpyx1dK1YqQW1x3HqTTxrf0-J6wPOChgOvIPcAuU8V0gHMtbScj9e2Y1nBu_OYOhA1X7_dcj2atMjMGa40F-TqEF0DisxE/s1600/gaza+black+friday.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibEgLYcGBWeF5w8ZFBCCbT2REr0WP8loqcpIM57iQsKBhopXpyx1dK1YqQW1x3HqTTxrf0-J6wPOChgOvIPcAuU8V0gHMtbScj9e2Y1nBu_OYOhA1X7_dcj2atMjMGa40F-TqEF0DisxE/s400/gaza+black+friday.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">This call for massive destruction
was not an abstract projection into the future but the disposition that guided
the Israeli struggle against the tunnels, something that became particularly
apparent in early August in the southern edge of Gaza, Rafah. On August 1,
Palestinian combatants emerged from a tunnel to ambush a small Israeli force,
killing two soldiers, capturing one, and retreating again to the underground.<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> This activated Israel’s infamous
“Hannibal directive,” which gives the command to direct overwhelming firepower
at the area where the soldier is believed to be captured, with the goal of
killing him to prevent him from becoming a hostage. Over the next three days, Rafah
was subjected to such a </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">devastating and deadly barrage of bombings that </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">between 135 and 200 civilians
were killed and hundreds of homes were reduced to rubble.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Eyal Weizman’s <a href="http://www.forensic-architecture.org/">Forensic Architecture</a> team has recently completed (co-produced with Amnesty
International) a must-read analysis of the devastation inflicted by Israeli on
Rafah in those days </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">(you can read the report <a href="https://blackfriday.amnesty.org/">here</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">;
see also the excellent analyses by my friends and fellow bloggers <a href="http://www.warscapes.com/opinion/hannibal-directive-and-economy-lives-making-sense-black-friday-gaza">Léopold Lambert</a> and <a href="http://geographicalimaginations.com/2015/07/31/black-friday/">Derek Gregory</a>; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">you an also read my review essay of Forensic Architecture’s extraordinary
book <i>Forensis</i><span style="color: #0025e5; font-style: italic;"> </span><a href="http://www.forensic-architecture.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Gordillo-Empire-on-Trial.pdf">here</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">).<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Through the careful examination
of multiple forms of evidence (rubble, video, photographs), Forensic
Architecture’s investigation shows that the target of the heavy bombing was the
underground. The bombing targeted all buildings suspected of hiding the
entrance to the tunnels over a wide area. T</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">his extreme level of violence
unleashed on Gaza, in short, resulted from the Israeli exasperation at the disorienting
spatiality created by that opaque underground.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">In response to wave of terror
unleashed in Gaza in those days, Amir Nizar Zuabi wrote in <i>Haaretz</i> an
evocative piece called "<a href="http://www.narratinggaza.net/contributions/english/articles/the-underground-ghetto-city-of-gaza-">The Underground Ghetto City of Gaza</a>." </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">In it, he imagined
that ten years into the future Gaza would be abandoned after everybody moved
underground. “We dug entire neighborhoods, streets, highways, schools,
theaters, hospitals. We gave up on the dream of getting out of the Gaza Strip.
… We, who were attacked from the sky, from the sea, from the fields, who had
one-ton bombs dropped on our heads in pointless rounds of killing, have turned
our back on life. We, whom the world forgot, decided to pay it back in kind,
and forgot it right back. … The only refuge left to us was the earth.” In this
account, the underground is no longer a weapon of resistance but a destination,
a line of flight: a path toward exodus and withdrawal.</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfsCpvaaSo1c7PIFG6v7uixR4EfHQp1zzOHx2Cv268cXSh5rBFrHf9tYWUrtf8VJG9f3vU3-HJDESuoHX5QZ5IdNQOtgRa63GCCzx9Vddk2KMxiSn7lg-B0I2M7P1qdHtYufvAZsQbwlA/s1600/zion-matrix-reloaded.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfsCpvaaSo1c7PIFG6v7uixR4EfHQp1zzOHx2Cv268cXSh5rBFrHf9tYWUrtf8VJG9f3vU3-HJDESuoHX5QZ5IdNQOtgRa63GCCzx9Vddk2KMxiSn7lg-B0I2M7P1qdHtYufvAZsQbwlA/s320/zion-matrix-reloaded.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
</div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">This politicization of the underground
has a significance that goes beyond Gaza. The idea that people facing
powerful oppressors may have no other option but to give up the ground and retreat downwards toward the planetary crust is a
central theme in the films <i>The Matrix </i>and <i>The Hunger Games:
Mockingjay</i>, where rebels plotting revolution have created underground cities,
not unlike the one Amin Zuabi imagined in his piece on “the underground city of
Gaza.” Hollywood here draws from the long history of rebels who have weaponized
the underground. In some cases, ironically in the Bar Kokhba
revolt (132–136 AD) by Jewish combatants against the legions of the
Roman Empire, the use of tunnels and caves did not prevent defeat. In others,
the military appropriation of the underground was
key to the resilience and ultimate victory of insurgent forces, as in the
case of the vast network of tunnels created by the Vietcong in South Vietnam in the 1960s and
early 1970s.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 48pt;"> Certainly, the underground has long
been militarized and manipulated by state militaries as well: to mine enemy
trenches (as Derek Gregory has analyzed in the case of World War I) or to
create bunkers and hidden weapon systems. But if the state can be said to have
a political attitude toward the underground, it is one of unease, for no state
can fully control the entrails of the Earth. For this reason, in 2010 the US
Department of Defense created a project called “Transparent Earth,” designed to
create (using sound waves) a three-dimensional mapping of the crust to a depth
of five kilometers. As the name indicates, the ambitious goal is to turn the
underground into something it is not: a transparent object. As Ryan Bishop
writes in his analysis of this program in the book </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 48pt;">Forensis</i><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 48pt;">, “Mastery is
inescapably haunted by that which eludes it.” The destruction brought upon Gaza
a year ago was the materialization of this principle, for that barrage of
firepower by the Israeli state was haunted by the underground that eluded its
mastery. The tunnels of Gaza, and the anxieties they generated, reveals that
what embodies our imperial present are not simply drones but also those places
that drones can’t see because they are hidden in the terrain.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 48pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 48pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 48pt;"><br /></span>
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Gastón Gordillohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524310935707885766noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4465950730953186851.post-52374454031513659952015-07-21T10:49:00.001-07:002015-07-22T23:31:05.145-07:00Pluto's Terrain<!--EndFragment--><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 36pt;">The fascination with the
images of Pluto’s rugged topography recently captured by the New Horizons probe
reminds us that terrain is the most universal, material, and non-anthropocentric of all spatial
categories. After all, Pluto is devoid of human-made places and
territories, but is made up of tangible, observable, measurable terrain. Multiple
articles are being written on the size, shape, physical composition, height and
angles of Pluto’s mountains, valleys, mounds, plains, and countless protuberances.
Those forms are being subjected to intense measurement and Pluto’s diameter has
now been precisely quantified. The planet turned out to be a bit bigger than initially thought. But what strikes about Pluto’s terrain are its <i>forms</i>. The mission’s scientists
are ecstatic: they cannot believe how heterogeneous and often dramatic the forms
of the terrain are. Pluto has ice mountains as tall as the Rockies and its
largest moon, Charon, has a canyon much deeper that the Colorado River’s. Some
scientists, notably, expected a smoother, featureless terrain. Some of the
terrain’s forms on Pluto are intriguing, hard to read geologically. “This is a
not-easy-to-explain terrain,” said a key member of the New Horizons team. He
identified the new object of the mission: to investigate not simply Pluto but its </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 36pt;">terrain</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 36pt;">.</span><br />
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<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">When Galileo Galilei
invented the telescope in 1609 and pointed it to the void, the first object he
scrutinized was the one closest to him: the moon. Galileo was struck by what he
saw: mountains, valleys, ridges, depressions, a multiplicity of forms. Terrain.
Galileo was even more ecstatic than the members of the New Horizons team are right now; he wrote that he felt so happy that he
wept with joy. He had dissolved the ancient myth that the moon had a smooth,
featureless surface, a legend that drew from the ancient Greeks' belief in the geometrical
perfection of spheres. Galileo noticed that the moon’s surface was,
in his words, “full of inequalities, uneven, full of hollows and protuberances,
just like the surface of the earth itself, which is varied everywhere by lofty
mountains and deep valleys.” Galileo was the first to note that in Earth and
the moon the materiality of space is qualitatively<i> the same:</i> terrain defined by multiple forms and textures.
Copernicus had already noticed the multiplicity of protuberances that defined
the Earth's spherical form when he wrote that the latter was
not smooth, “on account of the great height of its mountains and the lowness of
its valleys, though they modify its universal roundness to only a small
extent.” </span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> Copernicus and Galileo are remembered for demonstrating that the Earth is not the fixed centre of the universe but part of a constellation of myriad objects in motion around the sun. Yet they also hinted at a view of space sensitive to
forms, angles, and gradients, and are therefore pioneers in a theory of terrain, which they scrutinized
through the lens of mathematics, physics, and geometry. And they revealed that
the rugged forms that defined the Earth’s terrain were, in fact, the property of all objects moving through the cosmos, even if in each object these forms and textures adopt the most diverse configurations.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: 17px;"><br /></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpCMTSL0SlWPAcYA5h6ZCzzGeuTSK1Jl9y6QkRPPqZ_yNDSZSA6ovxfoR8xTzLmxHANjdc29H1hkfvGpDTMQGclqGDorZvrg7z0e1nOs4nkdczVe7GJDubHRQTzW2oyf2XBwi_0U9yfEw/s1600/a-pluto2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpCMTSL0SlWPAcYA5h6ZCzzGeuTSK1Jl9y6QkRPPqZ_yNDSZSA6ovxfoR8xTzLmxHANjdc29H1hkfvGpDTMQGclqGDorZvrg7z0e1nOs4nkdczVe7GJDubHRQTzW2oyf2XBwi_0U9yfEw/s320/a-pluto2.jpg" width="310" /></a></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">The protuberances on Pluto’s surface confront us with terrain’s transcendental
immanence: that is, with a materiality that transcends the ephemeral
nature of human places and defines all
objects drifting in the void of the universe. But this transcendence of terrain in relation to the minuscule scale of human temporality and spatiality only exists as pure
immanence: in the cosmic rubble that coalesced, pulled by gravity, to form Pluto; and in the forces and collisions that over millions of years redefined the planet’s crust and created the layout of its current terrain: untouched by humans, but now part of our spatial imagination.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Gastón Gordillohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524310935707885766noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4465950730953186851.post-65590313503819462242015-02-27T08:21:00.003-08:002015-05-30T10:49:03.523-07:00Terrain as Insurgent Weapon<i><br /></i>
<i>Below is the abstract of my essay "</i>Terrain as Insurgent Weapon: An Affective Geometry of Combat in the Valley of Death,<i>" which I'll present at the workshop </i>Space, Materiality, and Violence,<i> at the Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies, University of British Columbia, in late March. This is my most thorough attempt yet to theorize terrain, based on how the mountainous terrain of the Korengal Valley, Afghanistan, affected warfare in the region. I'm really looking forward to this workshop, which will bring together among the best thinkers in the field, such as Eyal Weizman (our keynote speaker), Derek Gregory, Craig Jones, </i><i>Caren Kaplan, Jake Kosek, </i><i>Léopold Lambert, </i><i>Catherine Lutz, and Shaylih Muehlmann.</i><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">In April 2010, a local insurgency forced the US military to
withdraw from the Korengal Valley in the mountains of eastern Afghanistan,
which US soldiers called “the valley of death.” Most accounts of violence in
the Korengal </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">—</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">captured in the documentaries <i>Restrepo</i>
and <i>Korengal</i> and in first-hand depictions by soldiers and journalists</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">—</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> highlight
that the rugged, opaque, vertical terrain played a decisive role in allowing
insurgents to locally defeat the mightiest military on Earth. But what,
exactly, is terrain? How were insurgents able to turn terrain into an effective
weapon against a much more powerful enemy? While military analysts have long
been aware of the importance of terrain in warfare, the term tends to be
discussed in vague and descriptive terms. Likewise, with a few exceptions,
“terrain” remains largely un-theorized in the humanities. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> In this paper, I draw on the rich
material available on insurgent violence in the Korengal to articulate a theory of terrain, whose
departing point is that terrain’s materiality is not reducible to social
constructions and can be best understood through a geometrical examination of
bodies in motion. In particular, I conceptualize terrain through a series of
axiomatic principles: that terrain is defined by a multiplicity of forms that
are plastic and modifiable; that terrain is intrinsically opaque to human
perception (even to seemingly "all-seeing" technologies such as
drones); that the materiality of terrain is not fixed but adopts different
levels of ambient thickness related to the temporal becoming of our
planet </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">—</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">and its daily and seasonal rhythms</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">—</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> as an
object in motion; and that terrain has a three-dimensional verticality profoundly
affected by gravity. Drawing on the experience of soldiers and journalists
based in the Korengal, I analyze how the local insurgency adapted to, and
manipulated, these dimensions of terrain to outmaneuver the US military and
counter its technological superiority. I look at this spatiality of insurgent violence
through the lens of an affective geometry: i.e. an examination of how multiple
bodies, including human bodies engaged in combat, affected each other amid the
forms, angles, textures, verticality, and temporal becoming of the forested
mountains of Afghanistan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Gastón Gordillohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524310935707885766noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4465950730953186851.post-44048906168640230532014-12-01T15:03:00.002-08:002015-08-22T22:00:40.268-07:00Empire on Trial<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">This is the introduction to my review essay of </i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><a href="http://www.forensic-architecture.org/publication/forensis/">Forensis: The Architecture of Public Truth</a> (2014, Sternberg Press, Berlin),</span><i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> by Forensic Architecture, an interdisciplinary team directed by Eyal Weizman. The whole essay (which examines in more detail the issues of truth,</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> evidence,</span></i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><i> detectability, fetishism, and disregard for destruction raised by </i>Forensis<i>) is <a href="http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=d3302rev">here</a>, published as "</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Empire on Trial: The Forensic Appearance of Truth"</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Society and Space</span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">:</i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> Environment and Planning D </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">33(2):382-388 (2015)</span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">. </i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The
publication of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Forensis: The Architecture
of Public Truth </i>marks a formidable intellectual and political intervention in
the analysis of the ways in which traces of destruction and violence are built
into the geographies of our imperial present. The book is a collective effort
of staggering scope, depth, and ambition and with one clear goal: to level a forensic
gaze on state and corporate crimes. This is a gaze finely attuned to the
negativity of matter, sensitive to the many ways in which rubble, buildings, scars,
chemicals, bones, sounds, algorithms, videos, or photographs can become the
evidence of crimes committed by the powerful forces that continuously ravage
the world. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicyfnqfYQ3CIA_kD8U14IUnNVmJPgcKtw4Gxl04YZ3xOEwXk6crBB8kL7ujIaqKnYsMh9O5KtwAkN8j0aIQmU9r2L-MEmmEyV4KChoOxdqapDWstkHBabZakw13U3q5DNh9eUUHjdEKkU/s1600/The-Least-of-All-Possible-Evils-Eyal-Weizman-Book-Cover-202x300.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicyfnqfYQ3CIA_kD8U14IUnNVmJPgcKtw4Gxl04YZ3xOEwXk6crBB8kL7ujIaqKnYsMh9O5KtwAkN8j0aIQmU9r2L-MEmmEyV4KChoOxdqapDWstkHBabZakw13U3q5DNh9eUUHjdEKkU/s1600/The-Least-of-All-Possible-Evils-Eyal-Weizman-Book-Cover-202x300.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">This extraordinary volume is the
collective work of Forensic Architecture, an interdisciplinary team based in
the Centre for Research Architecture, Goldsmiths College, University of London,
which since 2011 has been engaged in collaborative work with partner
organizations and activists from all over the world. The intellectual leader of
this international effort is the noted architect and activist Eyal Weizman, the
author of the widely acclaimed books <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.versobooks.com/books/1107-hollow-land">HollowLand: The Architecture of Israeli Occupation</a></i> (2007) and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.versobooks.com/books/532-the-least-of-all-possible-evils">The Least of All Possible Evils:Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza</a></i> (2012). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Forensis</i> draws from Weizman’s previous work on many levels, particularly
in its emphasis on the materiality of violence and domination and the political
power of an architectural, spatial, and forensic lens. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hollow Land</i>, Weizman had demonstrated how the Israeli state controls
Palestinians through the manipulation of the materiality and architectural forms
of the terrain (walls, checkpoints, roads, tunnels) and the control of vertical
fields of vision (through hilltops, drones, and satellites). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Least of All Possible Evils</i>, in
turn, examined the logic of “the lesser evil” used by imperial actors to
justify their allegedly humanitarian violence; it also dissects the evidence
that reveals the terrorist nature of this violence, such as the rubble and
corpses created by Israel in Gaza. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Forensis</i>
develops this sensibility in much more depth, and captures an outstanding
diversity of traces of destruction from the world over; in doing so, it not
only reveals the evidence of state and capitalist crimes but also proposes a novel
political and conceptual sensibility. This is a disposition that resonates with
what I have called in <i><a href="https://www.academia.edu/7622891/Rubble_The_Afterlife_of_Destruction-Introduction">Rubble</a></i> —based on my own ethnographic study of ruins— an
object-oriented negativity: that is, a gaze oriented toward objects marked by traces
of rupture and dislocation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Forensic investigations have recently gained
enormous appeal in popular culture through TV shows like <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">CSI.</i> But this is a forensic gaze that only seeks to solve crimes recognized
as such by the state, thereby celebrating state power and its apparatuses of surveillance.
Weizman and his colleagues, in contrast, propose to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">reverse</i> the forensic gaze and turn it into “a counter-hegemonic
practice able to invert the relation between individuals and states, to
challenge and resist state and corporate violence and the tyranny of their
truth” (11). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Forensis</i> reveals that
this tyranny is built on “well-constructed lies” (29) and draws on a “forensic
architecture” to expose them, understanding architecture not in a narrow disciplinary
sense but as a “mode of interpretation” sensitive, as Weizman put it, to “the
ever-changing relations between people and things, mediated by spaces and
structures across multiple scales” (13).<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4SMzLRiTJnsi2hvkxvpTH6Uev7pE9xZJtfGzon-KA7g80_0ruiJEeCgsyDorCEQP8SYpSxOpdMqARPhNffdmMGsefuApQUS8vffEsQxxnbHUCC7eE90oaWphTDyfdOU6WJEo50yTJc1M/s1600/forensis+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4SMzLRiTJnsi2hvkxvpTH6Uev7pE9xZJtfGzon-KA7g80_0ruiJEeCgsyDorCEQP8SYpSxOpdMqARPhNffdmMGsefuApQUS8vffEsQxxnbHUCC7eE90oaWphTDyfdOU6WJEo50yTJc1M/s1600/forensis+2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">This volume brings together an innovative
collective of talented scholars, artists, theorists, activists, and partner
organizations analyzing evidence of imperial crimes on all continents and in
all sorts of terrains, including the ocean, the sky, and the underground. The
book’s chapters take the reader on a gripping journey to a global constellation
of traces of dislocation, from Guatemala to Pakistan, the Mediterranean, the Gulf of Mexico, or sub-Saharan Africa (among many other places). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">What sets this forensic lens apart from
state-run forensics it not only its more radical negativity but also its goal to
recover the original meaning of the Latin word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">forensis</i>, “pertaining to the forum.” As Weizman argues in the
introduction, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Forensis</i> interrogates
the relationship between the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fields</i>
where the evidence is collected —actual geographies that he views as elastic
and contested force fields— and the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">forum</i>
as the space “where the results of an investigation are presented and
contested” (9). This forum is a dynamic triangulation between the contested
object (the trace of violence and destruction), the forensic interpreter, and “the
assembly of a public gathering.” More crucially, this triangulation is not
limited to legal courts. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Forensis</i> does,
indeed, cover evidence that Forensic Architecture presented in court, for
instance in the trial for genocide against the Guatemalan general Ríos-Montt and in the petition submitted to Israel’s High Court to ban the use
of white phosphorous in urban environments by the Israel military. Yet the book’s contributors are keenly aware that political
struggles are not decided in legal battles, where the global elites have the
upper hand. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Forensis</i> is primarily a
political, rather than legalistic, intervention that seeks to empower global struggles
against those crimes that states and corporations refuse to name as such, from
targeted assassinations by drones to the environmental dislocation created by
the fossil-fuel industries and climate change.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqU7zG6fdqIWDgqNiLSCkMKreNLId7vuMpiIDP3leoLjUQNrDueweTAmsN0Kpx4VLqBCFjRdFu3j4-VfdPFwYbxmdpOmHa3YrqMzsjvDsHLYq0bbn3Vba_Fv-6MUGzVPadrk-yhHITpVo/s1600/gaza+ruins.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqU7zG6fdqIWDgqNiLSCkMKreNLId7vuMpiIDP3leoLjUQNrDueweTAmsN0Kpx4VLqBCFjRdFu3j4-VfdPFwYbxmdpOmHa3YrqMzsjvDsHLYq0bbn3Vba_Fv-6MUGzVPadrk-yhHITpVo/s1600/gaza+ruins.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The majority of the crimes documented in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Forensis</i> respond, directly or
indirectly, to the capitalist system of globalized sovereignty that dominates
the world as a whole, and that Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri have
called “Empire.” This is why I interpret these crimes as imperial in nature
—even if the contributors of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Forensis</i>
do not necessarily use this concept. Hardt and Negri have been criticized for presenting
Empire as a disembodied, totalizing abstraction and for giving the misleading
image that the globe has been politically homogenized by transnational flows. But
the existence of a multi-centered and planetary Empire does not contradict the fact that
this globalized formation creates localized and extremely diverse patterns of
destruction, shaped by the affective fields of particular nation-states.
Most of the crimes covered in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Forensis</i>
—from the killing of civilians by drones in Yemen to the impact of climate change—
involve states and corporations defending the imperial hierarchies of the
global order. And these actors are permanently surveilling the totality of the planet
with multiple technologies in search for signs of resistance and anti-systemic disruption.
And this is where <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Forensis’</i>
brilliance lies: in reversing the direction of the inquisitive gaze to expose
the overwhelming evidence of the destructive nature of this globalized system
of sovereignty. In doing so, the book puts Empire on trial in the political
forum of world public opinion and makes the case, through the truth exuded by the evidence, that this global order </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">is guilty
of crimes against humanity and life on Earth.</span></div>
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<!--EndFragment-->Gastón Gordillohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524310935707885766noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4465950730953186851.post-69931246203713303062014-11-10T14:31:00.000-08:002014-11-10T14:31:57.340-08:00Passion for Terrain<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">One of the most famous propositions made by Spinoza is that we don’t know what the body can do. The
practitioners of wingsuit flying reveal that we didn’t know that the human body
could fly. Wingsuit flyers stand at the top of a mountain on the edge of a
cliff and calmly jump off, head on, toward the abyss. After an initially
precipitous fall, they smoothly glide away thanks to the lift created by the surface
areas that their special suits have under the arms and between the legs. The boldest
practitioners of this extreme sport do not simply fly; they engage with terrain in what they call “proximity flights”: speeding at 220 km per hour very
close to mountain walls, rock formations, and forests and artfully adapting
their trajectories to the forms of terrain. After gliding in some cases for
several kilometers almost caressing the surface of rocks and the tip of trees,
they release their parachutes to land in a valley below. This sport’s
practitioners declare that this dramatic engagement with terrain is the most
exhilarating experience they could ever go through, so intense and visceral
that’s impossible to describe with words. This is, they say, what humans have
long dreamed of: flying using their bare bodies, without recourse to self-propelled engines. But what interests me here is what
this perplexing practice reveals about the affective geometry
that defines the body’s mobility in relation to the three-dimensional materiality of the spaces of this world: that is, of terrain.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4qxQOe4QDIygotpjpi6r_SMJgU2VwqYrHOU9lCK_vuQ60iaICq5PIAfIzfGL1hhg9o8kdnQld_IqzbiablVmLbTDvpAIaC6oXjw-x6xgl7QFoQ43nzn2w6UHIS2F3RjHdctYOaDJTXk8/s1600/wing4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4qxQOe4QDIygotpjpi6r_SMJgU2VwqYrHOU9lCK_vuQ60iaICq5PIAfIzfGL1hhg9o8kdnQld_IqzbiablVmLbTDvpAIaC6oXjw-x6xgl7QFoQ43nzn2w6UHIS2F3RjHdctYOaDJTXk8/s1600/wing4.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Mountain climbers, skiers, snowboarders, trekkers, or
mountain bikers often agree that they feel addicted to the thrill of making
their bodies navigate the multiplicity of forms, textures, angles, and
volumes that make up the crust of the planet, especially where the
verticality of mountains highlights the force of gravity on the body. In the
late 1990s, this passion pushed new generations to test what the body can do amid rugged terrain onto uncharted territory and led to the birth of wingsuit
flying, which blended skydiving with BASE jumping, the practice of parachuting
from fixed structures such as buildings, bridges, or mountains. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Wingsuit flying is
skydiving on steroids. Skydivers jump off an airplane and experience for a few
minutes a marked spatial distance between their bodies and the ground toward
which gravity inexorably pulls them. The most devoted practitioners of wingsuit
flying, in contrast, dislike being far from solid terrain; they prefer
to jump off the edge of mountains in order to face rock formations at close
proximity, and at a speed in which a split second could mark the difference
between life and death. For this reason, those devoted to proximity flying are very
sensitive to the forms, angles, and heights of the objects around them and refer to “terrain” regularly in the depiction of their trajectories. When they fly at high speed they are well aware that what their bodies
face is terrain's crude materiality, which will kill them upon impact
irrespective of how that particular space is socially organized or perceived (the video below, the preview of the documentary <i>Birdmen,</i> captures the physical salience of terrain in these flights' trajectories).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/X6zxtGyZFSE?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">In this intense engagement
with terrain, some wingsuit flyers sought to explore even further what their
bodies could do. Shaun McConkey was already hailed in the 1990s as the best
extreme skier in the world when he discovered wingsuit flying and became
addicted to it. His passion for proximity flying was such that he was
permanently looking for mountains with particularly vertical walls from where
to jump off, from the Artic to the Alps. In seeking to push the limits of what
he could do, he decided to add his talents in extreme skiing to the mix. He
came up with a technique to ski down the slopes of particularly treacherous
mountains, release his skis upon jumping off the edge of the cliff, and glide away.
He did it many times and, as the documentary <i>McConkey</i> shows, he became overconfident. In 2009, in a jump in the
Italian Alps, one of his skis failed to disconnect and the extra weight made
him lose his balance and spin uncontrollably. Pulled by the unrelenting power
of the planet’s gravity, Shaun fell hundreds of meters to meet his death, to
the horror of the crew that was filming him from a helicopter. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFtKN0VpQnIwKSIQSUFbKhHfhuyEX7aeGLcWeSentynyxZVn3PcIjKL8yQ7RbuDHCJ22KlxTSvBz672Na8tEP4BADrqPhxO7wed52w5MCjdZ8hm5oEGmKB7zOHp2Xvb682kCxh9MnyOhU/s1600/wing3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFtKN0VpQnIwKSIQSUFbKhHfhuyEX7aeGLcWeSentynyxZVn3PcIjKL8yQ7RbuDHCJ22KlxTSvBz672Na8tEP4BADrqPhxO7wed52w5MCjdZ8hm5oEGmKB7zOHp2Xvb682kCxh9MnyOhU/s1600/wing3.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt;">In order to fully
appreciate how the body is affect by terrain we should revisit Spinoza’s famous proposition, and reread it negatively. That is, while it is true that we don’t know
what a body can do, we <i>do</i> know what a
human body <i>cannot</i> do: escape the physical
force that the planet imposes on it through gravity and survive the impact of a
fall, as in this case, from a height of hundreds of meters. The human body,
after all, is not anatomically designed to fly. The passion of proximity flyers for their craft is proportional to the extremely dangerous nature of
this sport, which every year kills about 20 people whose bodies collide with the
cold hardness of the ground. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 17px; text-indent: 36pt;">This tension between what a human body can and cannot do amid the materiality of actually existing spaces is at the core of a theory of terrain.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 17px; text-indent: 36pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 36pt;">Much can be said, certainly, about the elitist eccentricity
of extreme sports such as this, which commoditize intense “experiences.”
But what interests me here is a strictly physical-affective problem central to an understanding of terrain, which in my book in progress </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 36pt;">Opaque Planet: Outline of a Theory of Terrain</i><span style="text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> I’m exploring further in situations of conflict and warfare: the fact
that it’s in the geometry that a body creates in relation to tangible spaces such as cliffs and ridges that we can best
appreciate what terrain is. And terrain is powerfully structured by gravity, for as Einstein argued a century ago, what we call "space" (a term he disliked for being too vague) is nothing but fields of gravity. The exhilaration experienced by wingsuit flyers
gliding next to granite walls at high speed —and the perplexity that these flights
creates on us as spectators— are not simply, in this regard, about this newly-discovered
human skill to fly. These aerial trajectories bring to light the physical presence of terrain: the fact that in swiftly moving through the smoothness of
the air, fragile bodies confront an unforgiving spatial vastness that </span><span style="font-size: 17px;">has preceded human life on Earth and </span><span style="font-size: 13pt;">is always-already indifferent to its passions.</span></span></span></div>
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Gastón Gordillohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524310935707885766noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4465950730953186851.post-56168553976901663202014-10-12T13:58:00.002-07:002015-07-31T15:17:03.546-07:00World of Walls<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFiQDYV9DiTsifbjpacXnIEAVU9C4ojiF3aI3Z9LhEC5Nm7zodCVnycbutDUnRyCs9Fmsgf0cneJnS4brdM9ssU-oAYqd0TW4HRL_ZzH6spQen_qhCnjyog4XkfNs0pcY97MIn6dF-UpI/s1600/The_Wall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFiQDYV9DiTsifbjpacXnIEAVU9C4ojiF3aI3Z9LhEC5Nm7zodCVnycbutDUnRyCs9Fmsgf0cneJnS4brdM9ssU-oAYqd0TW4HRL_ZzH6spQen_qhCnjyog4XkfNs0pcY97MIn6dF-UpI/s1600/The_Wall.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">On the show <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Game of Thrones,</i> state territoriality comes to a spatial end at a gigantic
wall, The Northern Wall: a 300-meter-high, eighty-meter-thick rock of solid ice
that expands over hundreds of kilometers, from coast to coast and therefore
severing the totality of the landmass in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">two</i>.
This gigantic barrier was built in a distant past to stop a dissolving vortex formed
by anti-state insurgencies and supernatural entities. The forces that lurk in
those frozen lands stretching behind The Northern Wall are powerful,
destructive, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">expansive</i>. This is why
the Wall is jealously patrolled by guards that nervously scan the other side
from the top, facing the misty, forested, frozen abyss ahead. They can clearly
see and feel in their bodies that “the other side” is an opaque vastness: a terrain swept by freezing
weather, the armies of the dead, and humans who despise hierarchies and
actively fight the spatial expansion of the state. The Northern Wall, in short,
expresses not the power of the Kings who built it but that of the expansive
forces that threaten it; it is huge because if it had been smaller it would
have been long since destroyed. Throughout <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Game
of Thrones</i>, the characters who kill and die farther south in warmer lands
regularly utter, looking nervously toward the north, “Winter is Coming.” This is the
name for the powerful forces that threaten to overflow The Wall and wipe out state
territoriality in one stroke. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifwr-_wSYBvDhC1JwEiXY4QKKtYN-R2GjRNm4qeIZVQKuVCKADbKatZVOmmnM22gLczJJZuo9FquwI_LHlyA92bL5CZurXYRtEVIgCUAXQSu1PBpnWGxTBu3vBPU5ZjaO7fbmRRbqee6I/s1600/israeli-separation-wall-15592019.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifwr-_wSYBvDhC1JwEiXY4QKKtYN-R2GjRNm4qeIZVQKuVCKADbKatZVOmmnM22gLczJJZuo9FquwI_LHlyA92bL5CZurXYRtEVIgCUAXQSu1PBpnWGxTBu3vBPU5ZjaO7fbmRRbqee6I/s1600/israeli-separation-wall-15592019.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Today our planet has its own Northern Wall: a world archipelago of
walls, fences, and technologies made to keep undesirable and feared multitudes at
a distance. Our hyper-globalized capitalist world, of course, thrives on speed, movement, and deterritorialization. Billions of objects, bodies, and
bits of information are permanently moving at high speed across international borders. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">This materiality-in-motion is not smooth but creates </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-indent: 36pt;">massive disruptions, confirming </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">that capitalism is propelled by </span><a href="http://www.zero-books.net/books/malign-velocities" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">malign velocities</a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">, as Ben Noys argues. Because
of these planetary velocities, and in contrast to the fictionalized feudal world depicted in </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">Game of Thrones</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">, in our world there is no space that is “on the
other side” of the global order.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">But in </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">the twenty-first century </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">there is no “beyond” the Great
Imperial Wall precisely because the Wall is
Empire’s structuring spatial principle. The imperial and class-based nature
of the speed that thrives because of that planetary Wall is manifested in the patterns of
spatial segregation it creates. Since the Wall operates in all terrains and is
scattered all over the surface of the planet, it is also materialized in the
ocean in the ships and planes (aided by satellites) patrolling
the waters searching for boats of "immigrants." On land, The Great Imperial Wall also
demarcates, like on </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">Game of Thrones</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">, the
landmass in two, if in a more allegorical sense. In this case, the line
separates desirables from undesirables and makes the latter </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">separable</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;"> in space. The fences built along
the US-Mexico border, the walls built by Spain to seal off its outposts in
North Africa, and The Israeli Wall of Separation are all </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">one and the same wall</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">, our Northern Wall, facing the abyss of the
insurgent spatial forces that may eventually destroy Empire. This is also why the
global core of our Great Imperial Wall is Palestine, where the Israeli state
has embraced the walls once used against the Jewish people in Europe and
misremembers the genocide not as something that should never happen again but as
something that should never happen again </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">to
the Jews</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">. Ironically, Hitler also swore in the 1930s that the humiliation of
defeat should never happen again </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">to the
Germans</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">. Walls thrive in the reactive passions of identity politics, and their power
to make people disregard the suffering of undesirables, like those labelled "Jews" in the 1930s and 1940s and "Arabs" today.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDiEEgBvQdQu0CTBGPQSP5crQL2i-JdlkSsH1c0Y3NtqaoSujaI39XaM1IaMYp2AsEyRzhA6pInThjUUf4IweWuBNaHfrfJlQOM8XY-ibNLlyA4UnHVu_pMW7AcQrXydFlKF7Z6Kxg7tY/s1600/total+seg+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDiEEgBvQdQu0CTBGPQSP5crQL2i-JdlkSsH1c0Y3NtqaoSujaI39XaM1IaMYp2AsEyRzhA6pInThjUUf4IweWuBNaHfrfJlQOM8XY-ibNLlyA4UnHVu_pMW7AcQrXydFlKF7Z6Kxg7tY/s1600/total+seg+2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1938, Adolf Hitler declared
in an ominous speech that “the total solution of the Jewish question”
demanded a “clear” program. And this plan, he screamed, was “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Total separation, total segregation</i>!” In one stroke, Hitler identified
the core of the fascist disposition toward space: the desire to keep bodies felt
as different and dangerous at a physical<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>distance.
We know that Hitler’s call for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">total</i>
segregation was part of a genocidal disposition: the desire to spatially
contain a population in order to eventually be able to exterminate it more
affectively. Shortly thereafter, Hitler’s call for “total segregation” led to
the rise of walls and the herding by force of millions of Jewish men, women,
and children into ghettos and slave and death camps. There, behind walls, fences,
and barbed wire, they were wiped out in a merciless </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">genocide that was fully</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;"> industrialized.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The creation of a radical spatial separation
between desirable and undesirable populations outlived its Nazi manifestations after the world war. For several decades,
it was state policy in the southern United States and Apartheid South Africa. There,
fences and walls existed but the spatial segregation was basically enforced
through terror, and in the US South lynching became a mechanism
of racial territorialization. The insurrections against this segregation in the
United States and South Africa throughout the 1960s and 1990s ruptured major affective
walls and partly democratized public space. The 1989 insurrection
against the Berlin Wall marked the climax of modern protests against
walls, and was also notable because the multitude thoroughly destroyed this wall. Not even rubble remained, except as souvenirs in people’s homes. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfLl-pI5ybIE-rs_vD79JoGa78uDZbKmeFV3ztYr57BZ1NvEEW0pYoDcDsLLgcOJJJD7X5xYVe2Vd6FU_N_s8fLICe0gkt8ITavaTOnOglb0kabDiW-vHJa2W_pj8M6AKmY8WoJtkRkk8/s1600/total+seg+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfLl-pI5ybIE-rs_vD79JoGa78uDZbKmeFV3ztYr57BZ1NvEEW0pYoDcDsLLgcOJJJD7X5xYVe2Vd6FU_N_s8fLICe0gkt8ITavaTOnOglb0kabDiW-vHJa2W_pj8M6AKmY8WoJtkRkk8/s1600/total+seg+6.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> But by the early twenty-first
century, the Wall of the neoliberal and imperial order has expanded along new lines, appearing in new nodes and
forming constellations of gated communities, armies of private guards, checkpoints, high-tech surveillance, and
walls and more walls. The hyper-surveilled striation is the spatial norm
of the neoliberal order. <a href="http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520221437">Teresa Caldeira</a>, <a href="https://www.academia.edu/5326964/Toward_a_Racial_Geography_of_Caracas_Neoliberal_Urbanism_and_the_Fear_of_Penetration">George Ciccariello-Maher</a>, and <a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/619572.Evil_Paradises">Mike Davis</a> have called attention to the racialized and class-based nature of these
spatial segregations in Sao Paolo, Caracas, and Dubai. In the latter, a mecca
of global capitalism, South-Asian workers are treated as modern slaves who are
not allowed to move. These are not simply “cities of walls,” as Caldeira
argues about Sao Paulo, but urban nodes in a world of walls, the same way that
this world of walls has rural nodes in, say, the 20 km fence built by Barrick Gold around
its massive mining operation in Tanzania (made to prevent undesirables
from grabbing valuable minerals from a space that had been commodified and expropriated
from the commons). Walls may not have necessarily gone up everywhere, but in many places (like today in the United States) the police are simply enforcing segregation by murdering
more unarmed undesirables on the streets, always in “self-defense.” This
hardening of the Great Imperial Wall is spurred by the accelerating and destructive expansiveness of neo-liberal capitalism, and is justified in the name of a humanitarian civilization and global security. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Because the principle of total
segregation is the landmark of the imperial present, it has
become a recurrent theme in popular culture. The film industry has confronted the
oppressive dimensions of spatial segregation but only tangentially, and by projecting it onto a dystopian future. The films <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Hunger Games</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Elysium</i>, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Snowpiercer</i> depict a future of enforced apartheid; they also present the rise of insurgencies set out to destroy or undermine spatial barriers and the principle of total segregation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjtpWoWYS0raGot2EC7MQdhHQ06AkQzRNEhN3wAIRlirBF_x5Vkx8xYGy7h-rDmeGec-K66eDmphyphenhyphenGg8fXfbdRM799Vrz-KZf1GpUGSCURdOdAtqTFMC_PKv4Nv1TPjmWBz2Fp9NOfOts/s1600/hunger+games.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjtpWoWYS0raGot2EC7MQdhHQ06AkQzRNEhN3wAIRlirBF_x5Vkx8xYGy7h-rDmeGec-K66eDmphyphenhyphenGg8fXfbdRM799Vrz-KZf1GpUGSCURdOdAtqTFMC_PKv4Nv1TPjmWBz2Fp9NOfOts/s1600/hunger+games.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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</div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Hunger Games</i>, the ruling elite enjoys a life of idle exuberance and
dazzling spectacle in the Capitol, while the working classes are forced to live
in fenced-off “districts” in the rest of North America. These districts are surrounded by barbed-wired fences and are submitted
to different levels of exploitation, suffering, and despair. In an annual spectacle of combat among gladiators, t</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">hey are all ritually reminded t</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-indent: 36pt;">hat resistance is futile
because in the past a massive revolution was crushed by the state through sheer terror. But
this spectacular commemoration ends up backfiring and prompting a widespread revolt. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">In </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">Elysium</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">, the segregation between social classes is radicalized further
because the super rich have simply fled the surface of the planet. They live in luxury in a giant station in the
atmosphere, while the rest of humanity lives in despair in a slum world ravaged by global warming. The super rich’s spatial disconnect from the
planetary poor is in this case, indeed, </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">total</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">.
On a daily basis, the poor can see the station where the elites live, a shinny dot
in the sky. The rebellion against this apartheid at last takes place, but is largely individualistic and reformist. Those who reach Elysium from Earth through small vessels do not seek to
destroy an oppressive global system but to make its technological gadgets more accessible
to the poor.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBR4FI3IYZFmlpl_aA-dzBWaYJr2RBro3eF_1gRzi9T1u-LJ6Cb4QHXbwAwMajoFjTqST1C3-S1p11cWoITwmr2ULaUGJ23-03HtiCqknKa7CFGTNoNy590sUIO2uH8I21zBaMx2oFxJQ/s1600/snowpiercer_3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBR4FI3IYZFmlpl_aA-dzBWaYJr2RBro3eF_1gRzi9T1u-LJ6Cb4QHXbwAwMajoFjTqST1C3-S1p11cWoITwmr2ULaUGJ23-03HtiCqknKa7CFGTNoNy590sUIO2uH8I21zBaMx2oFxJQ/s1600/snowpiercer_3.jpg" width="235" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Snowpiercer</i>,
the principle of total segregation adopts particularly original, gripping, and
politically radical dimensions. First, the total separation between the elite
and the underclass takes place in the narrow, long materiality of a train
moving at high-speed across a devastated, lifeless planet. The planet was frozen
by the failed attempt to solve global warming by cooling the atmosphere through
the massive dispersal of chemicals in the sky (this is exactly the techno-fix of
climate change that neoliberals fantasize about, as Naomi Klein analyzes in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://thischangeseverything.org/book/">This Changes Everything</a></i>). On this train,
the elites live in luxury in the front cars and use their private army to
terrorize the multitudes forced to live in crumped slums at the train’s tail. Their
mobility is blockaded by tightly policed gates. As a female official tells
those in the tail, the train has a hierarchical geometry based on “preordained
positions,” according to which, “You, belong to the tail. I belong to the
front.” Since the train was built and is run by a corporation, these gates are
controlled by a capitalist state, in which the owner of this vehicle <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">is</i> the state.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">In these three films, the separation between classes reproduces an affective
segregation, through which the elites enjoy a good, pleasant life while being oblivious
to the suffering of those they oppress. It is easier to disregard those that you
cannot see, or pretend not to notice them. But this disregard is certainly not
total, the same way that the segregation is not total, for keeping populations segregated
and dominated requires hard work and, more importantly, violence. The political
order that rules the train is a terrorist machine ready to murder in order to defend those
“preordained positions.” But the physical and affective separation depicted in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Snowpiercer</i> stands out because everybody
on the train is trapped in a space without outside. Walls have always imprisoned
those obsessed by the principle of total segregation. On this train, this
imprisonment is not simply affective or allegorical. Out the window, those frozen
geographies reveal no signs of life: only the massive rubble of a destroyed world. The train is the prison of the oppressed and
oppressors, but also the terrain of revolution. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh4L8Hw5DNNsmy0DS19ZaYA8m3q1OEbWf9YOZql_uT7Uj5macrk98ED3qDpJO-HFyds0vVsuZL-pA8La_bLUrK3zD4lReGWiu3OmvRCcNVmIpq98TUNneLpwP5h4M7JNKq3DPZTgwb4pA/s1600/Snowpiercer_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh4L8Hw5DNNsmy0DS19ZaYA8m3q1OEbWf9YOZql_uT7Uj5macrk98ED3qDpJO-HFyds0vVsuZL-pA8La_bLUrK3zD4lReGWiu3OmvRCcNVmIpq98TUNneLpwP5h4M7JNKq3DPZTgwb4pA/s1600/Snowpiercer_2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> In<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
Snowpiercer,</i> revolution is accurately depicted
as a geometrical vector: as a bodily force that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">charges ahead</i> against the troops that manned the multiple gates that
kept the train's tail shut off. The Wall that kept the multitude enslaved could only be
breached, in short, by bodies forcing their way through it. The movie, tellingly,
begins with the image of the future leader of the insurrection making geometrical
calculations: counting the seconds it takes the guards to shut the series of gates
that lock them up after their inspection. The weakest points of all walls are the
gates. Not surprisingly, the most dramatic moment of movies depicting walled
cities succumbing to sieges, from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Lord of the Rings</i> to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Troy</i>, is
that of swarms flowing through a gate that has been breached, making the walls <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">useless</i>. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Snowpiercer</i>, revolution, indeed, starts when, while the guards were
being attacked and neutralized, dozens of men and women <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">run</i> carrying with them a long and thick tube and passing it through
several gates to prevent them from closing. That was the moment when the
political order of the train began crumbling: when segregation was ruptured and
the rebellious multitude began their slow, firm march toward the front of the train to capture its mythical engine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSlxMHAvwDJR9_VCJU7OLmGRIQPzd-BYHgW5j_s0sVoZnpkqXYKHOwjPfxE2Cby5ZobdWQfpifKnbnFbVw7IPLU0h9GBPymGPUGtzdFEVKFN1Yhq7ZonSn8jHh29vxOGIcc7hs6j3sZgY/s1600/total+seg+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSlxMHAvwDJR9_VCJU7OLmGRIQPzd-BYHgW5j_s0sVoZnpkqXYKHOwjPfxE2Cby5ZobdWQfpifKnbnFbVw7IPLU0h9GBPymGPUGtzdFEVKFN1Yhq7ZonSn8jHh29vxOGIcc7hs6j3sZgY/s1600/total+seg+5.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">If less openly insurrectional, the vectorial
disposition against the principle of total segregation is also the gesture by those
people who on a daily basis challenge our Northern Wall, the Great Imperial
Wall connecting The United States to Morocco and Palestine. In Morocco, it is common to
see dozens of men sitting on top of the fence. Being already on top, they have
surmounted the biggest obstacle posed by the materiality of the fence. They are
now scanning the terrain, measuring the mobility of the military police in
order to decide when to jump. When they do, they create a microscopic breach in
The Wall. Countless breaches of the Wall take place all the time all over the
world. As <a href="http://www.versobooks.com/books/1107-hollow-land">Eyal Weizman</a> has forcefully argued in his study of the Israeli Wall
of Separation, spatial separation makes for an “impossible politics,” for in
the long term it is unsustainable. An iconic image of the imperial
present and the futility of its walls is the Mexican family depicted on the
run on traffic signposts on roads north of the US-Mexico border. They seem to be
fleeing. But their bodies are clearly charging ahead. They have <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">already</i> crossed the border and are creating
an assertive vector that, even if only in that place, is dissolving the principle
of total segregation and making the fence useless. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_T_cMquys6zHT5zFmYRc_tSQjcmpIGCNZ2NfomLwFPYuijl_wTc8tiBdNADsXZLLhP0R2_AGepaDMXtsvrUytX6JFkRsYk4rAYg3IyULU5jPMZVWcmNmbXCmsiHZqk0CpeUa-OKU2jlg/s1600/total+segregation+8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_T_cMquys6zHT5zFmYRc_tSQjcmpIGCNZ2NfomLwFPYuijl_wTc8tiBdNADsXZLLhP0R2_AGepaDMXtsvrUytX6JFkRsYk4rAYg3IyULU5jPMZVWcmNmbXCmsiHZqk0CpeUa-OKU2jlg/s1600/total+segregation+8.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The new century has reawakened debates </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">on the left</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">about the nature of future revolutions and about the challenges of imagining a post-capitalist and egalitarian future. These debates should involve how to rethink collective spaces in relation to mobility, equality, and freedom.
After all, Hanna Arendt rightly argued that the most fundamental type of
freedom is the freedom of movement: the freedom to live in a world free of walls. Maybe the sign that a truly liberating epoch
has arrived will be the image of multitudes that --as in Berlin in 1989 but in
myriad different places the world over-- rise up against The Wall and reduce it, amid cheers, to
rubble. </span><br />
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Gastón Gordillohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524310935707885766noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4465950730953186851.post-22170327808639936652014-09-19T12:28:00.000-07:002018-10-11T12:04:39.437-07:00Lefebvre's Beach<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><i style="font-family: inherit;">This review essay of Henri Lefebvre's </i><span style="font-family: inherit;">Toward an Architecture of Enjoyment</span><i><span style="font-family: inherit;"> was originally published at </span><a href="http://societyandspace.org/2014/09/19/toward-an-architecture-of-enjoyment-by-henri-lefebvre-reviewed-by-gaston-gordillo/">Society and Space</a><span style="font-family: inherit;">. Special thanks to Lukasz Stanek (who edited the book and wrote its wonderful introduction) for his feedback and for providing me with the photo of </span>Lefebvre<span style="font-family: inherit;"> and his family at the beach reproduced at the end of this post. </span></i></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid6N_-a1dydSAMF_segSqEWgfSoEQ4k2UIROmGznxTg7WuR8Ldtkx91SERhh4gUWcD7BW_UQ1Mucc6DkfKmXIUM1T-S5Oo8YZ-6jaGTgJ9LyCdE9801zxrS8qCyqPWvXPB4Xd0CmsQU_A/s1600/Lefebvre+Menorca_Beach_Spain.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid6N_-a1dydSAMF_segSqEWgfSoEQ4k2UIROmGznxTg7WuR8Ldtkx91SERhh4gUWcD7BW_UQ1Mucc6DkfKmXIUM1T-S5Oo8YZ-6jaGTgJ9LyCdE9801zxrS8qCyqPWvXPB4Xd0CmsQU_A/s1600/Lefebvre+Menorca_Beach_Spain.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US"> Henri
Lefebvre (1901-1991) was one of the most incisive, original, and prolific philosophers
of the twentieth century, and his wide-ranging books profoundly redefined our
understanding of space as something material, produced, embodied, and disrupted
by conflict and violence. Yet it is only in 2014 that we finally have access to
his masterful <i>Toward an Architecture of
Enjoyment</i>, his most forceful meditation on the spatial utopia he aspired to.
Written in 1973 and subsequently forgotten for four decades, the book is an
extraordinary exploration of the affective dimensions of space, a topic that
was uncharted territory in the 1970s. Lefebvre tackled it with the creative
heterodoxy that always characterized him, blending his acute spatial gaze, the
critical spirit of Marxist theory, phenomenology’s bodily sensibility, and a
Dionysian, Nietzschean thrust. <i>Toward an
Architecture of Enjoyment</i>, in particular, testifies to the impact that
Nietzsche had on Lefebvre’s views of space, focused here on the most vital disposition
that defines human affects: enjoyment. This is not the commodified, shallow,
individualized enjoyment cultivated by corporatized spaces of leisure. The
enjoyment celebrated by Lefebvre is part of collective and insurgent forces
that disrupt spaces of domination and suffering, for (in his words) “only the
humiliated, the oppressed, the exploited … retain a vital, explosive energy,
the energy of enjoyment </span><span lang="EN-US">—</span><span lang="EN-US">expended in festivals and revolutions”
(70).</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5nPfVpyZ0ZINwzvHFyrDTFbmlMEqMPYU2RbP4jA3lPijZCOTAJaFDdWWWQKoweY7gViZcVNJU6ubvyiLfOY2TWFFht8MqstKZQ1FRkUJrJiGZjqjKgW-p7zuRhijvBLR5vE4mRn1A0yA/s1600/lefebvre+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5nPfVpyZ0ZINwzvHFyrDTFbmlMEqMPYU2RbP4jA3lPijZCOTAJaFDdWWWQKoweY7gViZcVNJU6ubvyiLfOY2TWFFht8MqstKZQ1FRkUJrJiGZjqjKgW-p7zuRhijvBLR5vE4mRn1A0yA/s1600/lefebvre+2.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> It has become a cliché to say that some
thinkers are so ahead of their times that they are misunderstood by their
contemporaries, but if this idea has any purchase it’s certainly with Lefebvre.
His groundbreaking <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Urban Revolution</i>
(1970), for instance, was met with hostility by Marxist authors because he proposed
to rethink urban spatiality as a material <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">form</i> that involves circulation,
centralities, and flows and is irreducible to capitalist industrialization. The
book was only published in English thirty-three years after the French original,
and twelve years after Lefebvre’s death. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Toward
an Architecture of Enjoyment</i> adds another milestone to this dissonance and deferral
in the reception of his ideas, for the book only saw the light of day in any
language forty-one years after Lefebvre wrote it and thirty-three years after
his death. Ironically, what is striking about the book is how fresh, youthful, and
timely it often feels; as if it were a manifesto written for us in the future, sent
to help us reimagine the spatial politics of emancipation in the twenty-first
century.</span><br />
<div style="text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: 36pt;"> We owe the rescue and publication of this
notable book to the perseverance and talent of Lukasz Stanek, the Manchester-based
Polish architect who wrote the volume’s excellent and comprehensive
introduction, and who is also the author of </span><i style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: 36pt;">Henri
Lefebvre on Space</i><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: 36pt;"> (2011, also published by Minnesota). In the introduction,
Stanek tells us the fascinating story of how on a 2008 trip to Spain he discovered
that the manuscript had sat for decades in the private library of Mario
Gaviria, a renowned Spanish sociologist and urban planner who was a close
friend and collaborator of Lefebvre. Gaviria and Lefebvre had spent years
analyzing the transformation of the beaches of the Mediterranean into
commodified spaces for the consumption of the northern European middle-classes.
This became an important theme in Lefebvre’s </span><i style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: 36pt;">The Production of Space</i><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: 36pt;">, which was published in 1974 and became his
most famous masterpiece (the book was published in English in 1991, months before
his death). In the 1960s and early 1970s, Gaviria and Lefebvre interpreted the transformation
of the Mediterranean into a tourist destination as a neo-colonial subordination
of southern Europe to the better-off parts of the continent. Gaviria asked
Lefebvre to write a manuscript on “the architecture of pleasure” associated
with this spatial transformation, to be submitted to the foundation that
financed the research. In 1973, Lefebvre wrote the book with the revised title
“Toward an Architecture of Enjoyment.” Making explicit his debt to his friend,
he dedicated the book to Gaviria.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">Gaviria, however, was expecting something
else. Stanek does not go into details, but says that Gaviria found the
manuscript “too abstract” and did not enclose it in his report. The sole existing
copy of the manuscript ended up in Gaviria’s personal library in the basement
of an old house from the 1600s. When in 2008 Stanek told Gaviria that he would
love to see it, they both went to the old library. It took Gaviria “several
hours” to find the manuscript, which indicates that its presence had been
largely forgotten amid piles of other objects. In an illuminating interview
with Stuart Elden at </span><span lang="EN-US"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://societyandspace.com/material/interviews/interview-with-lukasz-stanek-about-henri-lefebvre-toward-an-architecture-of-enjoyment-and-use-value-of-theory/">Society and Space</a></i></span><span lang="EN-US">,
Stanek mentioned that a flooding in the basement had destroyed many of the
library’s books and documents. Lefebvre’s manuscript survived, but barely; it
was sitting just above the water level. Had more water flooded the basement, that
bundle of aging pages, and the ideas written on them, would have dissolved into
nothingness.</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisHeNQqjc4h-YR87nw8BZ0-EkIVUsGNVJTyunBFicJh6Oe9gFo-M1p0ZlZIRjbG7Ey56INfJSgucL_fX8QontbmnJyOgN1ooWkv1uP8PkyUeAH-6Eb9P_f0KSVLuHemw302UqQEwvcXi4/s1600/lefebvre+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisHeNQqjc4h-YR87nw8BZ0-EkIVUsGNVJTyunBFicJh6Oe9gFo-M1p0ZlZIRjbG7Ey56INfJSgucL_fX8QontbmnJyOgN1ooWkv1uP8PkyUeAH-6Eb9P_f0KSVLuHemw302UqQEwvcXi4/s1600/lefebvre+3.jpg" width="208" /></span></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">The story of the trajectory and eventual
public appearance of the manuscript is as remarkable as its content. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Toward an Architecture of Enjoyment</i> is,
indeed, a complex, “abstract” philosophical book. The style of the narrative is
vintage Lefebvre: some sections include meandering thoughts that seem to drift,
but that gradually build momentum as they weave different topics in tangential
yet ultimately illuminating ways. What Gaviria perhaps found too abstract is
that Lefebvre’s examples barely hint at Mediterranean Europe. Gaviria seems to
have wanted a more concrete reflection on the architecture created at Spanish
beaches, and Lefebvre gave him a philosophical treatise on enjoyment and space.
The book is a sweeping review of how philosophy, history, anthropology, economics,
psychology, psychoanalysis, semiotics, semantics, and architecture tackled the
problem of enjoyment in relation to space. The scope is as epic and erudite as
it is, at points, uneven. The chapters I found most compelling are those on philosophy
(chapter 5) and psychology and psychoanalysis (chapter 8). Lefebvre’s critique
of the ways in which European intellectual traditions confronted the problem of
enjoyment from ancient Greece to the twentieth century is not free from an Orientalist
common sense that occasionally romanticizes a sensuous “East” in contrast to an
austere and moralist “West,” the only moments when the narrative feels dated. And
his engagement with Spinoza’s philosophy of affects, an obviously relevant
interlocutor given Spinoza’s celebration of joy, is disappointingly brief and
superficial, even if Lefebvre is right in noting that Spinoza overlooked the
problem of space (60). Yet despite its shortfalls, the book is consistently thought-provoking
and reveals how myriad authors addressed or overlooked the affective and the
sensory in the making of space. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">This engagement with multiple disciplines
is Lefebvre’s own effort to answer the book’s foundational questions: What,
exactly, is enjoyment? Which are the joys that are genuinely liberating? The book’s
brilliant translator, Robert Bononno (who also translated Lefebvre’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Urban Revolution</i>), warns us in the
opening pages about the well-known nuances of the word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jouissance</i> (“enjoyment”) in French, including its libidinal
connotations that make it resonate with “pleasure.” But perhaps in critical dialogue
with Gaviria’s perception that the text was too abstract, Bonono rightly points
out that Lefebvre writes about <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jouissance</i>
in the most bodily and concrete sense of the term, and with the aim of
criticizing the alienating power of spatial abstractions under capitalism. The
abstractions that define capitalist, commodified space are a major theme in Lefebvre’s
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Production of Space.</i> The fact
that the two books were written almost simultaneously often makes <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Toward an Architecture of Enjoyment</i> read
like the former book’s “lost,” most assertive chapter: the moment when, after
examining how space is historically produced and turned into something alienating, Lefebvre pauses to reflect on his disruptive spatial utopia of collective joys.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1dljBNI1b_PY8JL0fWb52xax4_0slWuuusYx8KmVPWi3kKlbO5U8BfYe7-n9kEq9kah_J_HLS-KUAR4s7s9NxYCsh3zyQFLFTkT4YLSiQrDEwkJ2ZONGmO_n558NcrXDsAS11K6MuLHA/s1600/lefebvre+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1dljBNI1b_PY8JL0fWb52xax4_0slWuuusYx8KmVPWi3kKlbO5U8BfYe7-n9kEq9kah_J_HLS-KUAR4s7s9NxYCsh3zyQFLFTkT4YLSiQrDEwkJ2ZONGmO_n558NcrXDsAS11K6MuLHA/s1600/lefebvre+6.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">For Lefebvre, enjoyment is crucial for a political understanding of spaces of freedom because its raw,
sensuous materiality is inseparable from the social conditions that
define space. Yet he also shows how elusive, multifaceted, and
fleeting this physicality is. He insists that enjoyment is momentary, slippery,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">appearing only to disappear again</i>.
Joy, he writes, is like a “surplus” that only emerges from “use” and “efforts”
(62, 75). In one of the most Nietzschean yet also most dialectical lines in the
book, Lefebvre writes that enjoyment “is merely a flash, a form of energy that
is expended, wasted, destroying itself in the process” (115). This is why for him
the idea of “architectures of enjoyment” is primarily a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">problem</i>, a question for which he does not have a neat answer, and
for which no clear answer, in fact, will ever exist. Lefebvre gestures at a generative
void: a horizon of spatialized enjoyments that may be momentary and not fully apprehensible
but that are important to appreciate the liberating but also oppressive ways in
which affects contribute to producing space. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">A central theme in the book is that these
flashes of joyful surplus can easily become deceiving traps that create spaces
of domination. The state always strives to domesticate popular joys and turn them
into mere “satisfaction,” which under capitalism becomes the fetishized “illusion”
of private enjoyment (5, 70). This is the “caricature of enjoyment” through
which spaces of leisure are subsumed “to the demands of profit” (101). The
ruling classes, in turn, cultivate their own perverse enjoyments, which thrive
on the suffering of others. “The powerful take pleasure in crushing the weak
and defeating an adversary whose power is equal to or greater than their own”
(16). This is why the elites have for millennia built massive, “tragic”
monuments: the “architecture of death” of the Taj Mahal in India or the
pyramids in Egypt (6). This monumentalized architecture is the best example of
the “absolute space” he would write about in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Production of Space</i>: the places saturated with religious meaning
and claims to transcendence that dominated medieval Europe, and which were to
be eroded by the rise of capitalist spatial abstractions and their commodified functionality.</span><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: 36pt;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjey7mBttVvWorQAW5OLZIm8lP10mpIQd4GBQvVPtp6lH-IadpsSCAha3Pr7wxk12Igyc5HMU9m2NW65tRjWbr7mYdXL8zTGRoLqXyZ1mkWZpIVdzFPeVEKuTeCwnns-zZWCKJuK0yCfeM/s1600/lefebvre+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjey7mBttVvWorQAW5OLZIm8lP10mpIQd4GBQvVPtp6lH-IadpsSCAha3Pr7wxk12Igyc5HMU9m2NW65tRjWbr7mYdXL8zTGRoLqXyZ1mkWZpIVdzFPeVEKuTeCwnns-zZWCKJuK0yCfeM/s1600/lefebvre+5.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"> “The
site of enjoyment, if it exists,” in contrast, “perpetuates what hostile space
can kill, erode, exterminate” (113). This generativity of an enjoyment that
arises against “hostile space” is a positive <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">appropriation </i>of space: the production of a collective space where use-value,
life, and the body predominate. Architecture, in this regard, is for Lefebvre not
just a discipline; it is the very practice of <i>producing</i> space (3, 152) and has potentially insurgent elements in the creation of spaces of joy that rebel <i>against</i> the abstracting, alienating commoditization of space. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">There is an important caveat, however. Architecture
will never magically generate enjoyment in and of itself. Lefebvre is hostile
to this spatial fetishism, for enjoyment can emerge from<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> anywhere</i> because of its
elusive, bodily, fleeting nature (an abandoned warehouse, he says, can be
quickly turned into a place of celebration). Further, if the goal of creating “a
space of enjoyment” becomes too explicit and spatially fixed, genuine enjoyment
is destroyed. In a particularly important section, Lefebvre writes that “the
places of enjoyment” should <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not</i> have
pleasure or sensuality “as their function.” “Discotheques and bordellos” are for
him far from being places of enjoyment; they are defined by “the death of
pleasure,” because “the tireless pursuit of dead pleasure is hell.” “The place
of sensuality,” he adds, “need not be sensual.” This is why an architecture of
enjoyment should draw from the only possible source of pleasure: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the body</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in its non-commodified immediacy in relation to space</i>. “Places have
no way of giving beings what can only come from themselves, the vitality known
as desire” (112). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">For Lefebvre, therefore, only collective gestures
and actions can create spaces of enjoyment, primarily through an “economy of
joy” where use-value and egalitarian appropriations prevail over commoditization
and class domination. This is an enjoyment with anti-capitalist dimensions, created
by an economy that does not have enjoyment as its goal, but “allow it” and “lead
to it” (151). This is why Lefebvre argues that “spaces of enjoyment cannot
consist of a building, an assembly of rooms, places determined by their
functions.” Rather, they emerge through bodies expending their vital energies
in “moments, encounters, friendships, festivals, rest, quiet, joy, exaltation,
sensuality, as well as understanding, enigma, the unknown, and the known,
struggle, play” (152). </span><span style="text-indent: 36pt;">Lefebvre knows very well that this is a
utopian project, to be created collectively by a revolution that has yet to take
place. Yet he also warns the skeptic reader that this is a </span><i style="text-indent: 36pt;">concrete</i><span style="text-indent: 36pt;"> utopia whose affective and spatial materiality already exists
among us, for “every time you find a place genuinely pleasing and enchanting…
you enter this utopia.” And he provocatively asks us, his readers: Would you be
able to survive “if you cannot refresh yourself in a short bath of enjoyment
from time to time?” (132).</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"> During his stay in Spain while writing
the book, Lefebvre took time to enjoy the beaches of the Mediterranean in
Catalonia that him and Gaviria had examined as alienating places of leisure. A
photo taken by Gaviria and reproduced in Stanek’s introduction shows Lefebvre enjoying
the waves of the sea with his young daughter Armelle and his then partner
Nicole Beaurain —who typed Lefebvre’s hand-written version of the book. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Toward an Architecture of Enjoyment,</i> Lefebvre refers to the beach only briefly, but notes that whereas beaches
used to be feared places associated with “fishermen, peasants, and pillagers of
shipwrecks,” in “the modern era” they have been discovered “as a space of
enjoyment that could be used by everyone, all class distinctions being
dissolved in a strip of land near the sea” (49). In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Production of Space</i>, Lefebvre would argue that seemingly
democratic places of leisure like the beach are “an extension of dominated
space,” for “leisure is as alienated as it is alienating.” Yet he added that
the beach is also a contradictory place with disruptive edges, because the body
enjoying it “takes its revenge—or at least calls for revenge.” This is a body
that “seeks to make itself known—to gain recognition—as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">generative</i>.” When the beach is enjoyed through the senses, Lefebvre
added, the body tends to behave “as a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">total</i>
body, breaking out of the temporal and spatial shell” of alienated labor, thereby
hinting at potential breaking-points in an everyday life devoid of joys (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Production of Space</i>, 383-85, italics
in original). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In retrospect, <i>Toward an Architecture of Enjoyment</i> helps us better understand
these lines and in general Lefebvre’s political philosophy of space. The idea
that a body enjoying the beach generates a surplus of vital energy irreducible
to that place’s commoditization is probably inseparable from Lefebvre’s experience
at those beaches that inspired him to write about the spatiality of enjoyment.
In a section that sums up the book’s nuanced argument, Lefebvre wrote that
enjoyment requires “bodily immediacy,” and that it is <i>space</i> that provides this immediacy “between enjoyment and pleasure”
(116). It is, therefore, “space,” he wrote, “that maintains this connection
between pleasure and enjoyment: by preparing pleasure, by calibrating it, by
enabling it to surround enjoyment, even if enjoyment, in the narrow and
absolute sense, has no space.” </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Gastón Gordillohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524310935707885766noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4465950730953186851.post-5155589492920453622014-09-06T17:56:00.001-07:002014-09-06T23:48:57.389-07:00La horda aniquilable<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
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<!--StartFragment--><span lang="ES-AR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><i>Este texto es la traducción de <a href="http://spaceandpolitics.blogspot.ca/2014/09/the-killable-horde.html">The Killable Horde</a>, publicada el 4 de
septiembre en este blog (traducción del inglés de Antonio Doval Borthagaray)</i></span><!--EndFragment--></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span lang="ES-AR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkr6SVuks623SLnnP9uIeOQpic_UlVmNW0BDLupRD-pmsXzDy8OTcfVjEBTyJWsr9Fw1q-UlnbbGoD8AU-uCzp9Z3ja-TaqSHmVYtDeyrZt_CKEcBDwtmBN2nxwUffrQSMSoQ0h0dKPQo/s1600/World-War-Z10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkr6SVuks623SLnnP9uIeOQpic_UlVmNW0BDLupRD-pmsXzDy8OTcfVjEBTyJWsr9Fw1q-UlnbbGoD8AU-uCzp9Z3ja-TaqSHmVYtDeyrZt_CKEcBDwtmBN2nxwUffrQSMSoQ0h0dKPQo/s1600/World-War-Z10.jpg" height="200" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="ES-AR">La película <i>Guerra Mundial Z </i>incluye
varias escenas en las que soldados matan a enormes cantidades de zombies; no es
casual que la película termine con una imagen que simboliza la victoria de las
fuerzas mundiales de seguridad sobre la epidemia planetaria zombie: enormes pilas
de cadáveres, tan grandes que forman empinadas colinas. Estos cadáveres de
zombies epitomizan la idea de la horda aniquilable, compuesta de cuerpos que
son tan peligrosos, incontrolables y desprovistos de humanidad que <i>deben </i>ser asesinados “en defensa
propia.” La idea de llamar a esta violencia “un crimen” es impensable. Este es
el momento en que las ideas de Agamben sobre “el estado de excepción” se
vuelven palpablemente reales: cuando gente que se autodefine como civilizada
condena el asesinato <i>excepto </i>cuando
involucra una horda deshumanizada y percibida como aterrorizante.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-AR">Los zombies que la industria del cine presenta como aniquilables son
la manifestación ficcionalizada de las multitudes humanas que son consideradas
asesinables en todo el mundo, desde Gaza a Ferguson, Missouri. Los poderosos siempre
han marcado a las poblaciones oprimidas como salvajes, atemorizantes y aniquilables
sin culpa. La reciente popularidad de discursos sobre derechos humanos y
humanitarianismo no parecen haber socavado el poder de esta disposición visceral
hacia la vida y la muerte. El comentarista conservador <a href="http://talkingpointsmemo.com/livewire/ben-stein-michael-brown-unarmed">Ben Stein</a>, por ejemplo,
justificó el asesinato de Michael Brown por la policía en Ferguson con el
fundamento de que, en sus palabras, “él no estaba desarmado,” porque “él estaba
armado con su increíblemente fuerte y atemorizante ser” (<i>his incredibly strong,
scary seflf</i>) y que el policía, entonces, estaba justificado de sentirse
amenazado y de dispararle seis tiros. Los defensores de la masacre indiscriminada
de civiles por la violencia israelí en Gaza expresan argumentos igualmente
desconcertantes que reproducen la imagen de que los palestinos, por definición,
dan miedo. Mencionar la palabra “Hamas” parece suficiente para justificar que
se haga <i>cualquier cosa </i>contra la
gente que vive en el ghetto de Gaza, a pesar de la abrumadora evidencia de que
la mayoría de las víctimas (como Michael Brown en Ferguson) estaban desarmadas.
Pero la evidencia material y los argumentos racionales nunca son suficientes
para persuadir a aquellos que sienten el miedo en sus entrañas. Lo que es
aterrador sobre los palestinos, como Ben Stein dijo en el caso de Missouri, es <i>su misma existencia</i>, “su ser
atemorizante,” que los “arma” con un “increíble” poder: el poder de inculcar
miedo en los poderosos. Igual que los zombies; o los “indios.”</span></div>
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<span lang="ES-AR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK8Ch592b3KyQq8YJIC7mfWoFftFIQXQJq2KLLdJIJ4HOmEhUiJKv360VrbbUQ9bxk55nedOyIEqmzhlSTP-mbjLbr3f6TWik4IwwSumuIUU2nKLEpkQWUzUFRgdhJfx6XBtwBz5hOO24/s1600/La_vuelta_del_malo%CC%81n_(1892).png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK8Ch592b3KyQq8YJIC7mfWoFftFIQXQJq2KLLdJIJ4HOmEhUiJKv360VrbbUQ9bxk55nedOyIEqmzhlSTP-mbjLbr3f6TWik4IwwSumuIUU2nKLEpkQWUzUFRgdhJfx6XBtwBz5hOO24/s1600/La_vuelta_del_malo%CC%81n_(1892).png" height="199" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="ES-AR">Hace décadas, Gilles Deleuze y Elías Sanbar usaron la acertada frase “<a href="http://anarquiacoronada.blogspot.ca/2014/08/los-indios-de-palestina.html">Los indios dePalestina</a>” para nombrar a la situación colonial impuesta por el estado de
Israel sobre el pueblo nativo de Palestina. Pero los palestinos se volvieron
los “indios” de Israel no simplemente porque fueron desposeídos por colonos
sino también porque, como parte de este proceso (como con los “indios” de las
Américas), se volvieron los perfectos salvajes asesinables. A los ojos de
la mayoría de la opinión pública en Israel, “los árabes” (el término con el que
los palestinos son reificados y exotizados) han sido posicionados como indios
irracionales que amenazan un reluciente puesto de avanzada de la civilización.
Ellos son por ende matables con impunidad y sin culpa. Como si fuesen zombies.
Después de todo, como argumenté en una entrada previa (<a href="http://spaceandpolitics.blogspot.ca/2012/12/world-revolution-z.html"><i>World Revolution Z</i></a>), la
horda zombie que en <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Guerra Mundial Z</i>
carga contra el Muro Israelí de Separación (y que las tropas israelitas tratan sin
éxito de masacrar) es una horda zombie palestina que viene de los territorios
ocupados. Los hombres afro-americanos en los Estados Unidos también son tratados
como si fuesen zombies (o indios salvajes). Cuando gente blanca de Ferguson organizó
una manifestación de apoyo al policía que ejecutó a Michael Brown, se organizó
una contra-protesta de gente mayoritariamente afro-americana que empezó a
cantar “manos arriba, ¡no disparen!” El grupo de manifestantes a favor de la policía,
que minutos antes había estruendosamente negado ser racistas, respondió con un desconcertantemente
transparente “¡disparen! ¡disparen! “¡disparen! ¡disparen!” David Gershon
escribió (<a href="http://m.dailykos.com/story/2014/08/24/1324173/-Ferguson-protesters-chanted-Hands-up-don-t-shoot-Darren-Wilson-supporters-replied-Shoot?detail=email">acá</a>) sobre este incidente: “A veces hay momentos que son tan crudos que
tienen el poder de encapsular una verdad desagradable (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an ugly truth</i>) en un solo instante. Este es uno de esos momentos.”
La verdad desagradable revelada por esos llamados entusiastas a aniquilar a gente
desarmada es también evidenciada por quienes se muestran indiferentes ante el asesinato
de cientos de niños en Gaza por parte del estado de Israel. A pesar de las obvias
diferencias entre ambos casos, estos eventos de violencia sacan a la luz algo
sobre lo que vale la pena reflexionar sobre los campos de fuerza afectivos que
definen al orden mundial: que gente normalmente respetuosa de las leyes
puede condenar con indignación el asesinato de seres humanos,
excepto cuando involucra cuerpos rebeldes y aterradores que <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">merecen </i>ser aniquilados ‒como esos
zombies masacrados en <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Guerra Mundial Z</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Gastón Gordillohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524310935707885766noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4465950730953186851.post-9707555865939842842014-09-03T16:25:00.001-07:002014-09-04T17:40:28.871-07:00The Killable Horde<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1g7AMyEV7H-yIwKWZ113Co9SsGEqKk6M2PacAj464_j5WRsg9TsVP_bqehLYNNQG5dRU4kvDLBDypg10hZX2rZSHMp0Ygbrf-uCa5WJsb3_Zk33h6UwI1r6YrHRh_BVdDEehexLN1GfM/s1600/World-War-Z10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1g7AMyEV7H-yIwKWZ113Co9SsGEqKk6M2PacAj464_j5WRsg9TsVP_bqehLYNNQG5dRU4kvDLBDypg10hZX2rZSHMp0Ygbrf-uCa5WJsb3_Zk33h6UwI1r6YrHRh_BVdDEehexLN1GfM/s1600/World-War-Z10.jpg" height="200" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.5pt;">The film <i>World War Z</i> includes several scenes in
which soldiers kill large numbers of zombies; not surprisingly, the movie comes to an end with a
graphic image that symbolizes the victory of the global security forces
over the planetary zombie epidemic: massive piles of corpses, so large that
they form steep hills. This detritus of zombie corpses epitomizes the trope of
the killable horde, made up of bodies that are so dangerous, uncontrollable,
and devoid of humanity that they <i>have</i> to be murdered “in self-defense.”
The idea of calling this violence “a crime”
is unthinkable. This is the one moment when Agamben’s ideas about “the state of
exception” become tangibly real: when self-proclaimed civilized people condemn
murder <i>except </i>when it involves a scary, dehumanized, hostile horde.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.5pt;">The zombies that the
film industry presents as killable are the fictionalized embodiment of the
actual human multitudes that are deemed killable all over the world, from Gaza
to Ferguson, Missouri. The powerful have long marked oppressed populations as
savage, frightening, and killable without guilt. The recent popularity of tropes
about human rights does not seem to have undermined the power of this visceral
disposition toward life and death. Conservative pundit <a href="http://talkingpointsmemo.com/livewire/ben-stein-michael-brown-unarmed"><span style="color: #0025e5;">Ben Stein</span></a>, for instance, justified the police
shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson on the grounds that, in his words, “he
wasn’t unarmed,” because “he was armed with his incredibly strong, scary self”
and the officer, therefore, was justified in feeling threatened and shooting
six times. Defenders of the indiscriminate massacre of civilians by Israeli
violence in Gaza made similarly perplexing arguments on the grounds
that Palestinians are, by definition, scary. Mentioning the word “Hamas”
seems for them enough to justify doing <i>anything</i> to those living in the Gaza
ghetto, despite the overwhelming evidence that the vast majority of the victims
were (like Michel Brown in Ferguson) unarmed. But material evidence and rational
arguments are never enough to persuade those who feel fear in their guts. What
is terrifying about Palestinians, as Ben Stein put it in the case of Missouri,
is <i>their mere existence</i>, their “scary selves,” which “arms” them with an
“incredible” power: the power to instill fear on the powerful. Just like zombies; or
“Indians.”</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.5pt;">Decades ago, Deleuze
used the apt phrase “<a href="http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/discourse/vol20/iss3/4/"><span style="color: #0025e5;">The Indians of Palestine</span></a>” to name the colonial
situation imposed by the Israeli state on the people native to Palestine. Yet
Palestinians became the “Indians” of Israel not simply because they were
dispossessed by settlers but also because, in the process (as with the
“Indians” of the Americas), they became the ultimate killable savages. In the
eyes of the majority of the Israeli public, “the Arabs” (as Palestinians are
reified and exoticized) have been positioned as irrational Indians threatening
a shinning outpost of civilization. They are therefore killable with impunity
and without guilt. As if they were zombies. After all, as I argued in a previous
post (<a href="http://spaceandpolitics.blogspot.ca/2012/12/world-revolution-z.html"><span style="color: #0025e5;">World Revolution Z</span></a>), the zombie horde that on <i>World
War Z</i> charges against the Israeli Wall of Separation (and that Israeli
troops unsuccessfully try to massacre) is a Palestinian zombie horde that comes
from the occupied territories. African-American men in the United States,
likewise, are increasingly treated as if the were zombies (or savage Indians).
When white demonstrators in Ferguson rallied in defense of the police officer
who executed Michael Brown, they were confronted by a counter demonstration
that chanted “Hands up, don’t shoot!” The pro-police crowd, which minutes
earlier had vociferously denied it was racist, responded with a disarmingly
transparent “Shoot, shoot!” David Gershon wrote (<a href="http://m.dailykos.com/story/2014/08/24/1324173/-Ferguson-protesters-chanted-Hands-up-don-t-shoot-Darren-Wilson-supporters-replied-Shoot?detail=email"><span style="color: #0025e5;">here</span></a>) about this incident: “Sometimes, there
are moments so stark that they have the power to encapsulate an ugly truth in a
single frame. This is one such moment.” The ugly truth encapsulated by that
crowd is also made transparent by those who disregard or justify the murder of
hundreds of children in Gaza. Despite their obvious differences, these events
of violence teach us something worth reflecting on about the affective
force-fields that define our capitalist and imperial present: that otherwise
law-abiding people can readily and indignantly condemn murder, except when it
involves those unruly, scary bodies that <i>deserve</i> to be killed —like
those zombies shred to pieces in <i>World War Z</i>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Gastón Gordillohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524310935707885766noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4465950730953186851.post-22956157330346335722014-06-10T13:19:00.000-07:002014-06-10T13:19:49.794-07:00The Savage Outside of White Argentina<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">This is an
excerpt (the first few pages) of my essay in the forthcoming book </span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Shades of the Nation: Rethinking Race in
Modern Argentina (Cambridge University Press, 2015), <i>edited by Eduardo
Elena and Paulina Alberto. I'm particularly proud to be part of
this interdisciplinary collection, which includes work by
very talented scholars on what has been for too long a taboo topic in
Argentina: race.</i></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In
early December 2013, several urban centers in Argentina went through a wave of
turmoil that brought to light the sensibilities that have long racialized the
national geography as harbouring a threatening, non-white abyss. In the province of Córdoba, thousands of
police officers demanded a salary increase by withdrawing from the streets and
remaining in their quarters, while undercover officers instigated the looting
of stores in order to create a public demand for their presence. The news of
the lack of police repression quickly spread and thousands of men and women
from poor neighborhoods began storming stores and supermarkets to grab anything
they could, from food to TV sets. The unrest spread to other provinces, most
notably Tucumán. There, the same pattern unfolded: police forces withdrew from
the streets to demand a salary increase and simultaneously organized the sacking
of stores, rapidly prompting more widespread looting. With several cities
shaken by riots, a significant portion of the population felt that the streets
were dissolving amid a vortex formed by the expansiveness of </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">los negros</i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">, “the blacks” —the racialized
term used in Argentina to name the poor and people with indigenous or </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">mestizo</i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> (mixed) completion. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">On
the streets, the social media, and the online forums of Argentine newspapers,
thousands of people called for the violent extermination of “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">esos negros de mierda,</i>” “those fucking
blacks.” Armed vigilantes promptly began shooting at “los negros” as if the
latter were savage hordes determined to overrun settlers circling the wagons on
a hostile frontier. When <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1644507-cordoba-murio-un-joven-de-20-anos">La Nación</a></i>
informed that “a young man” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">un joven</i>)
was shot dead in Córdoba, marking the first deadly victim of the violence, most
readers posting comments celebrated his death as an act of civilizing justice.
Many objected to the use of the phrase “a young man” to name what was just <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">un</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">negro.</i>
A reader added to this explicit dehumanization of the victim, “Too bad it’s
only one. I wish there were two hundred negros dead.” Similar comments flooded Tweeter
under the hashtag #<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Negros de mierda</i>. When
the violence subdued two days later —once the federal government sent forces to
Córdoba and the provincial governments abided by police demands— over ten
people were dead and hundreds were wounded. In those days, many compared the looters
with the Indians that in the nineteenth century threatened the boundaries of Argentine
civilized space. Conservative writer <a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1659031-hay-que-salir-al-rescate-de-la-nacion">Abel Posse</a> wrote in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La Nación</i> that in Tucumán a relative borrowed a shotgun, formed a
vigilante patrol, and locked up his wife and children. He felt as if “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">un malón</i>” was about to raid their home,
evoking the parties of indigenous combatants on horseback who once controlled
much of the national geography.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdU7jTQaWzr0rG09VK2neJvnDSFTVk5nbwk3RxKRVxalRXiIs5g1wN1ukhP9Xji9kRfwkhyDoyQDLOQ1W7SLz_me55wHGFMYPuRv3Y7gWYqXs7D8njVRH7L3oNBu2pbWFtq1UVlcrNKuA/s1600/saqueo1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdU7jTQaWzr0rG09VK2neJvnDSFTVk5nbwk3RxKRVxalRXiIs5g1wN1ukhP9Xji9kRfwkhyDoyQDLOQ1W7SLz_me55wHGFMYPuRv3Y7gWYqXs7D8njVRH7L3oNBu2pbWFtq1UVlcrNKuA/s1600/saqueo1.jpg" height="173" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;"> The
way that this unrest was experienced and racialized by a
significant portion of the population is notable because Argentina has long
stood out in Latin America as a nation that claimed to be white and racially homogeneous,
due to the salience of European immigration at the turn of the twentieth
century. Furthermore, Argentine political and cultural elites have long
insisted in public that one of the merits of the nation is that “we don’t have
problems of racism.” I personally heard center-left presidential candidate Raúl
Alfonsín repeat this line with conviction at several speeches during the 1983 campaign,
and almost two decades later conservative writer Marcos Aguinis began his book
on the Argentine condition making exactly the same claim. Yet in Argentina this
self-congratulatory narrative about a racism-free society has long coexisted
with the everyday use of a heavily racialized language to name, with disdain, </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">esos negros de mierda</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">: the millions of
Argentines who are explicitly</span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;"> </i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">marked as
the despised </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">non-white </i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">part of the
nation. This racialization is part of a hierarchical class formation, for “los
negros” also names the poor. Yet that the poor are called “los negros” (and not
something else) reveals how racial sensibilities inform class perceptions in
Argentina. And when “the blacks” appear as a menacing presence on the streets, as
in late 2013, it is common to hear passionate calls —entangled with openly racist
slurs— for their extermination, on the grounds that “los negros” are dangerous and
not fully human.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6Nub1FLYuSATqXMLqxjnPFtD2LWvUHEE9yaD1t65M25k_i4ARnAeB0Oki2BtoFscx7l-PNn-nq67x0DlmBewKuwvsfAjIxG16XHcIzV0sJyJ-x_yLUYrp_UsZeLYy7vVLwT-GyrqTdMU/s1600/argentina+blanca.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6Nub1FLYuSATqXMLqxjnPFtD2LWvUHEE9yaD1t65M25k_i4ARnAeB0Oki2BtoFscx7l-PNn-nq67x0DlmBewKuwvsfAjIxG16XHcIzV0sJyJ-x_yLUYrp_UsZeLYy7vVLwT-GyrqTdMU/s1600/argentina+blanca.jpg" height="239" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;"> Several
scholars have noted this contradiction in Argentina between claims to racial
homogeneity and tolerance and the everyday reality of a profoundly racialized
and racist society. As Alejandro Grimson aptly put it</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">, in Argentina
the same person can claim to live in a white nation without racism and add, shortly
thereafter, that half of the population is made up of “negros de mierda.” This tense
oscillation is certainly at the core of the specific configuration of whiteness
in Argentina, but its affective and spatial dimensions have been overlooked. Grimson
and other authors have tackled this paradox by arguing that whiteness in
Argentina is a myth or an ideology: a discourse that misrecognizes the existence
of millions of Argentines of indigenous and mestizo background and seeks to
make invisible, and therefore legitimize, racialized forms of hierarchy. Whiteness
in Argentina does, indeed, have mythical and ideological dimensions, but I hereby
examine it as </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">an affective and geographic
formation</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;"> that is in denial of its existence </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">because</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;"> it is not reducible to a conscious ideology and operates at
a pre-discursive, emotional level.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
this essay, I propose to name this racialized disposition toward space as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La Argentina Blanca</i>, White Argentina. I
do not conceive of this term, it is important to note, as a bounded entity made
up of Argentines of white skin. Many of the fiercest critics of La Argentina
Blanca are light-skinned Argentines with blue eyes (such as writer Osvaldo
Bayer</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">)
and some of its staunchest defenders have indigenous ancestry (like
the former governor of the province of Salta, Juan Carlos Romero). I conceive
of White Argentina, first and foremost, as a geographical project and an affective<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>disposition defined by the not always
conscious desire to create, define, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">feel</i>
through the bodily navigation of space that the national geography is largely
European. But this is a haunted and ever-incomplete project, a whiteness that
feels under siege, for it permanently confronts that millions of Argentine
citizens bear in their bodies the traces of the non-European substratum of the
nation. White Argentina, in this regard, is an affect in the relational,
inter-subjective, and material sense that Spinoza gives to this concept: the
capacity to affect and to be affected by other bodies. And few things affect
White Argentina more profoundly than the appearance in public space of spatially
expansive multitudes of “negros.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlMobRiTIsXFxvQJxlC4XXT7JMfUdFo67IoIo0yTw9Bazi-fRLBLkSMoGWbfevGO2hZ0CUv6chyXOhCEL8AgrZRpuPsbckAnvjP7gD_pQ9X_fT-gfuzPdOuLmlhz0bSyrWTSfdCUnKuBc/s1600/saqueos+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlMobRiTIsXFxvQJxlC4XXT7JMfUdFo67IoIo0yTw9Bazi-fRLBLkSMoGWbfevGO2hZ0CUv6chyXOhCEL8AgrZRpuPsbckAnvjP7gD_pQ9X_fT-gfuzPdOuLmlhz0bSyrWTSfdCUnKuBc/s1600/saqueos+2.jpg" height="201" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
affective nature of White Argentina is apparent in its <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">visceral</i> reaction to events like those of December 2013. While riots
create anxiety and fear in any social setting, in Argentina these fears usually
trigger widespread calls for the mass murder of “los negros,” embodied in the
cry “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a esos negros de mierda hay que
matarlos a todos</i>” (“those fucking blacks should all get killed”). These
calls for civilizing and genocidal violence (i.e. this desire to kill <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">all</i> negros) are rationalized as
condemnation of criminality; but they primarily express <i>rage</i> at the evidence that Argentina is not a white nation. The appearance of dark-skinned multitudes affects
White Argentina as if it were a spatially dissolving force that that opens up, from
within the nation, a huge, terrifying outside: an
abyss that resurrects <i>el malón</i> that the founding fathers of White Argentina thought
they had exterminated in the late 1800s, and that Abel Posse’s relative in
Tucumán <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">felt</i> had reappeared in 2013. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i>El
malón</i> is one of the most extraordinary figures in Argentine history; it alludes
to the indigenous cavalries that for centuries launched stealth, high-speed
attacks on frontier settlements in the pampas of central Argentina and in the tropical
lowlands of the Gran Chaco, reaching the gates of Buenos Aires, Córdoba, and Santa
Fe and eroding the boundaries of state territoriality. As a
historically-specific configuration, <i>el malón</i> was destroyed by the Argentine state
in the 1870s and 1880s. But <i>el malón</i> can also be examined as a spatial, bodily,
and affective formation that has outlived its original historical conditions.
Indigenous cavalries no longer exist, but the assertive and expansive
spatiality they once represented is still regularly evoked in Argentina. When in
the twenty-first century the term <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">malón</i>
is used to name looters or simply the poor taking to the streets, it evokes to White Argentina the
bodily, tangible return of the barbarisms of the past.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbL2XTR2hZqdlwP6xF3wV2eqZLPKO9hsl4uIVvK4hZX228KFzr112SwXobdwnfl_9wlC1fQVjTBD_-_GbMWyP3OVgjIt8v60lk0_X8bKHx-MUSSLLxxkDByW_HG8n-ATwX6OiTZeVn49c/s1600/malon+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbL2XTR2hZqdlwP6xF3wV2eqZLPKO9hsl4uIVvK4hZX228KFzr112SwXobdwnfl_9wlC1fQVjTBD_-_GbMWyP3OVgjIt8v60lk0_X8bKHx-MUSSLLxxkDByW_HG8n-ATwX6OiTZeVn49c/s1600/malon+3.jpg" height="182" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jacques
Derrida argued that the ghost is something that seemed to have disappeared but always
returns, reappearing again and again. To speak of specters, he wrote, is to
speak of their return. It is in this sense that <i>el malón</i> can be said to be a
ghostly figure in Argentine history: as a force that had allegedly been
destroyed but that continues returning to haunt those who dream of a White
Argentina.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Gastón Gordillohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524310935707885766noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4465950730953186851.post-49027777042676836252014-04-03T11:02:00.000-07:002016-10-21T15:44:10.986-07:00The Oceanic Void<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<i>This is an excerpt (the first few pages) of my essay "The Oceanic Void: The Eternal Becoming of Liquid Space." </i><i>This is my most Deleuzian piece yet, and a future chapter in my book in progress (tentatively entitled) </i>Terrain: An Affective Geometry of Planet Earth<i>. </i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfigfkaqH0QuNSuHJ-6J17Ao5BG-o2uW0pOjQBNfmQT2bjHsaSFVfR3FuQCb-G9FdbAqHXRAyluEUll2W5nbb0YGmy9sJudyhZtPL7EeouQEKVZFgOxtqgATt01Gji1nKaUnpn1MhzXsw/s1600/ocean+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfigfkaqH0QuNSuHJ-6J17Ao5BG-o2uW0pOjQBNfmQT2bjHsaSFVfR3FuQCb-G9FdbAqHXRAyluEUll2W5nbb0YGmy9sJudyhZtPL7EeouQEKVZFgOxtqgATt01Gji1nKaUnpn1MhzXsw/s1600/ocean+1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">The
main protagonist in the search for the missing Malaysian Airlines plane has
been the elusive and intensely mobile oceanic space that satellites, planes, and ships have been meticulously
scrutinizing in search for the plane’s debris, thus far to no avail. For four weeks, the surveillance technology that is often very precise in
locating objects anywhere on the planet has been struggling to pierce through the opacity
of this huge mass of water that, in permanently moving, recurrently makes itself unreadable. </span><span style="text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">This is a vast liquid space whose ambient thickness and intensity are in a permanent state of becoming: folding, shifting, arching, twisting; always in motion, always displacing its volume across
vast distances, always indifferent to the life forms enveloped by its mobile flows. Ten days after the plane's disappearance, satellites pinpointed </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: 36pt;">on the oceanic surface </span><span style="text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">relatively large objects, over twenty meters long, that looked like
debris from the plane</span></span><span style="text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">. One day, however, the debris seemed to be here; the next day, it seems to be
five hundred kilometers away. A</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: 36pt;">lways on the move, the ocean carries anything floating on it elsewhere, particularly in the turbulent waters of the southern Indian ocean.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: 36pt;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">A few days later, satellites and planes detected hundreds of smaller objects scattered over wide areas. But when finally reached by ships, these objects turned out to be part of the vast amounts of ordinary debris drifting in oceanic space, the surplus of the imperial forms of connectivity that thousands of ships loaded with commodities leave behind in the oceanic void, turned into the most decisive channel of global capitalism. The global
panopticum has been disoriented by this mobile, textured, multi-layered spatiality of
the ocean, which makes itself even more opaque by getting entangled with the detritus of globalization. So many transnational and imperial resources have been put in the search that debris from the plane may eventually be found. Had the plane fallen on firm land, however, the global panopticum of satelites and drones that control the atmosphere, and therefore look at the planet from high above, would have already located the debris. But the plane fell into a liquid vortex that swallows up most of the heavy objects
that fall into it. This is liquid matter that, because of its physical properties, lets the force of gravity pull those objects down toward a dark abyss that the naked human body confronts as a physical environment devoid of solid ground and breathable air: the oceanic void.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsF1UMaWmdThk3_gWBR8HZdTBeHVN_81epYKXGl8-OOrQFSme2Mp4rw8C0jEmx9wo5smJ5jLuDhrGhEYquMOr7asO0DD5FSl1OTLmEf8K2uGc9lC5uKmQdzZ_RwvpAmzTIW_zz0jaJRJA/s1600/ocean+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsF1UMaWmdThk3_gWBR8HZdTBeHVN_81epYKXGl8-OOrQFSme2Mp4rw8C0jEmx9wo5smJ5jLuDhrGhEYquMOr7asO0DD5FSl1OTLmEf8K2uGc9lC5uKmQdzZ_RwvpAmzTIW_zz0jaJRJA/s1600/ocean+6.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">We
know that the ocean covers two thirds of the planet’s surface. But what type of
space is the ocean? One way to begin answering this question is to look at
those areas where the spatiality of the ocean meets that of islands
and continents. The material counterpoint between both types of spaces is
apparent and seemingly self-evident. On the one hand, the beaches, mountains, or human-made buildings that define the coastline and emerge
from above the oceanic surface constitute the type of spaces where the vast
majority of humans are born, live, and die. These geographies are defined by a multiplicity of textures and forms but share
the solid spatiality that has sustained humans as land creatures adapted over
millions of years to breath, eat, move, and reproduce on firm land in direct
contact with the atmosphere. On the other hand, beyond the coastline, the body confronts a qualitatively different space: fluid, mobile, liquid. This is a space whose multiplicity is subsumed
to the physical properties of water: an incompressible fluid that is permanently
in motion because its molecules can move relative to each other,
adapting to the shape of its container, the Earth’s surface,
and to the forces of the atmosphere. Shorelines, in short, are among
the most dramatic thresholds in human experiences of space: the point
where </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">the consistency and materiality of space abruptly changes and </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: 36pt;">the body faces the beginning of a liquid world with flows,
rhythms, and properties that are </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: 36pt;">not</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: 36pt;">
those of land. Coastlines are those areas where space folds to reveal the edge of a immense liquid space, planetary in nature. In <i>The Clamor of Being</i>, Badiou mentions, based on their personal correspondence, that Deleuze viewed "the edge of the void" as "the intersection between the territory and the process of deterritorialization, the dissolution of the territory in the event." On the edge of the oceanic void, the type of human spatiality that defines the territoriality of land faces the event of the ungrounding created by a liquid world. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibLt72uVr8kNBp75NnIPx9NLtVru1X3IXe4mcGzCvT1nBr-AICTIId4qLHmEj1DsnoNxrphTbtr0nwfw1W-hTXqViSdl-hku4BUDd1ODKZiICqSlka8SY3bo1viekepIcKRy05dHl5HCE/s1600/ocean+9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibLt72uVr8kNBp75NnIPx9NLtVru1X3IXe4mcGzCvT1nBr-AICTIId4qLHmEj1DsnoNxrphTbtr0nwfw1W-hTXqViSdl-hku4BUDd1ODKZiICqSlka8SY3bo1viekepIcKRy05dHl5HCE/s1600/ocean+9.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Humans have long navigated and used oceanic space with high degrees of
expertise and sophistication. Many feel at home there, at ease in that liquid, untameable world. But they do so as land creatures whose anatomy and physiology have evolved to move and breathe on firm ground. The liquid space of the
ocean can very quickly envelop and asphyxiate the human bodies that venture
in it without flotation devices. It is in this precise physical sense that the
human body confronts the ocean as a void: as liquid matter that
does not halt the pull of gravity toward the heart of the planet the way firm land does and that, in <i>sinking</i> the body in a fluid devoid of breathable air, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">negates</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">interrupts</i>
land-based forms of mobility and territoriality. This liquid space, in short, imposes
on humans a challenging spatiality <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">that can be socially used but cannot be fully controlled</i>, for it
follows its own, powerful rhythms. These rhythms are created
by forces mobilized by a planet in motion: by the rotation of the Earth around its axis and around the sun, by the cyclical exposure
of the ocean and the atmosphere to the heat of the sun, by the gravity of
the moon, as well as by the friction
between tectonic plates, which occasionally shake the depths of the ocean to create tsunamis. This vortex is far from being empty: it is inhabited by a pure multiplicity of intensities in motion and by a large biomass. But the ocean is a void in the physical sense of the term, simply because alone in the ocean we drown in an instant, bringing to light what we tend two take for granted: our bodily ontology as land creatures who breath air. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">In
this essay, I argue that Deleuze provides us concepts that are particularly important
to examine the liquid spatiality of oceanic space, such as becoming, fold,
multiplicity, intensity, singularity, difference, repetition, eternal return, virtual,
actual, and smooth and striated space. It is especially in the analysis of the repetitive, rhythmical, and ever-fluid spatiality of the ocean that Deleuze’s
philosophy reveals its power to illuminate our understanding of
space in its immanence, independently of human appropriations but also
in relation to them. My analysis is in dialogue with authors like <a href="http://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/life-war-earth">John Protevi</a> and <a href="http://www.euppublishing.com/book/9780748679973">Levi Bryant</a>, who also draw on Deleuze to think the material becoming and gravitational forces of non-human made objects and forces. And as Protevi argues, the becoming of water is particularly amenable to Deleuze's philosophy (Life, War, Earth, p. 45). Yet my analysis also goes beyond Deleuze because it puts him in dialogue with Alain Badiou by subsuming the becoming of oceanic space to a figure of negativity such as the void. This
may seem like a counterintuitive move, given Deleuze’s well-known hostility
toward the negative and his public disagreements with Badiou. Yet I see their thinking as creatively entangled in multiple ways, and for starters I understand the void not as a figure of spatial emptiness
but rather, drawing from Badiou, as a figure of pure multiplicity: that
is, a multiplicity that is non-representable. The ocean’s spatiality forms an
immense void not because it is empty but, on the contrary, because it is a positive
presence that is a productive <i>and</i> disruptive multiplicity of intensities, singularities,
and rhythms: a vortex that voids (interrupts, negates, disrupts) the spatiality
of human mobility on firm land.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIA-0G2WQO-QDp07itL11fikdFDtIUpK2bV7Dwe7WWpi-0fJSKEdVegUtrOsbubSAkhyx08sz0uSzcc-M8dzkNDeWnxPuWTilZJGN3QI2WbvGX_I7UIqZQYk-y-DZm7dELip-dK3Cxtpw/s1600/ocean+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIA-0G2WQO-QDp07itL11fikdFDtIUpK2bV7Dwe7WWpi-0fJSKEdVegUtrOsbubSAkhyx08sz0uSzcc-M8dzkNDeWnxPuWTilZJGN3QI2WbvGX_I7UIqZQYk-y-DZm7dELip-dK3Cxtpw/s1600/ocean+3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>My analysis of oceanic space draws
from recent efforts in the humanities to examine geo-physical forces in terms of their own materiality and rhythms, without reducing
them to their social appropriations by human societies. The literature on “the social
construction of nature” played an important role in undermining the dualism
between society and nature and in showing that society is not external to “nature.” Yet this perspective
often reduces “nature” to the passive, malleable background upon which active,
human-centered forces operate. Phillip Steinberg’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/politics-international-relations/international-relations-and-international-organisations/social-construction-ocean">The Social Construction of the Ocean</a></i> is the best book devoted to analyzing
the geography of the oceans. Steinberg shows with great detail and sophistication how human
societies have made use of and conceptualized the ocean in different historical
periods and in different parts of the world. He demonstrates that far from
being a space “empty” of sociality, the ocean has been socialized at multiple
levels and is a crucial component of global currents of trade and relations of territorial power. And while the
book does not examine how the liquid nature of oceanic space escapes human coding,
Steinberg leaves the door open for a non-constructivist view of the ocean when he
writes, at the end of his book, that this remains an important and pending
question: that in being “a space of nature,” some crucial dimensions of oceanic space are not reducible to their social uses, most notably the fact
that “the sea never stops moving” (p. 210)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivAXQDZM4VK1X4v95Azfptr0DzFdoGj1B5fv1JVc_CV73AY71xcH954Oww5g8S8gqe08ZZkFDNszd1VJTD0Ym_Z9Tih47rdTbqM12X_sux-qoYLQimb_yFzgy1EPYuuo21schA8_BQ3Yk/s1600/ocean+7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivAXQDZM4VK1X4v95Azfptr0DzFdoGj1B5fv1JVc_CV73AY71xcH954Oww5g8S8gqe08ZZkFDNszd1VJTD0Ym_Z9Tih47rdTbqM12X_sux-qoYLQimb_yFzgy1EPYuuo21schA8_BQ3Yk/s1600/ocean+7.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> In
his essay, I take this ever-mobile nature of oceanic space as my starting point. This is also a dimension that Steinberg's most recent work on oceanic spatiality is exploring (as the conversation we have in the comments below make clear). But I prefer to view the ocean not as a space of nature but as a spatial set within the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">terrain</i> of planet Earth. As several authors have noted, the notion of nature is too loaded with transcendental
connotations to be salvaged as a useful analytic concept, even if we add the
usual disclaimers about the need to overcome the society-nature dualism. This
problem is clear in the very idea that the ocean is a “natural
space,” for this implies that places made by humans are <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not</i> natural, thereby reintroducing the distinction between society and nature that is publicly disavowed. Terrain is the absolute temporal materialization of what we abstract as "nature." Seas, mountains, roads, rivers, cities, farms, bridges, forests: they are the type of singularities that envelope our ever-fleeting bodies as part of the terrain of planet Earth. As I have argued <a href="http://spaceandpolitics.blogspot.ca/2013/06/opaque-zones-of-empire_25.html">here</a>, I see terrain as involving all existing, three-dimensional material forms (human made or not) that are
constitutive of space as we know it: that is, the tangible space of this world. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: 36pt;"> This analysis of the ocean as a spatial set within the terrain implies a materialist, object-oriented, and affective lens but more importantly a geometric eye and perception. This is why a theory of terrain demands a Spinozian sensibility built in critical dialogue with the two last philosophical titans of the world: </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: 36pt;">Deleuze and Badiou.</span><span style="text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> The starting principle of a theory of terrain is that of its pure material multiplicity. This means that </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: 36pt;">the
materiality of the terrain is not homogenous, but the opposite. Spinoza argued that
the body is made up of hard, soft, and liquid elements:
bones, flesh, and blood. Likewise, the planetary terrain is
defined by a multiplicity of physical densities and textures, involving hard, soft,
gaseous, and liquid elements engaging in different degrees of temperature. The ocean is certainly the largest expression of
liquid space on Earth. Comprising over two-thirds of the surface of the planet,
the oceanic void has been one of the most powerful and determining spatial
forces in human history. Its most defining feature is that, for the human body, it creates the generalized ungrounding we call drowning. The history of imperial and capitalist expansion into the totality of the planet has revolved, to a great extent, around technological efforts to counter this ungrounding created by the eternal, ever-mobile becoming of liquid space. </span><br />
<br />
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Gastón Gordillohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524310935707885766noreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4465950730953186851.post-81518067485842074172014-02-02T17:07:00.003-08:002014-06-16T17:31:48.654-07:00Nazi Architecture as Affective Weapon<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><i>I wrote this essay as a guest writer for one of my favourite blogs, </i><a href="http://thefunambulist.net/2014/02/02/the-funambulist-papers-47-nazi-architecture-as-affective-weapon-by-gaston-gordillo/">The Funambulist</a><i> by Léopold Lambert. Thanks to Léopold for the invitation to contribute to his series </i>The Funambulist Papers<i>. </i></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXYHptjI4ISecOoweGhvLDUKiMVuSnlfzuSx1Ng6aHStF6w_C9dY8Svm5btZTlkArCsGLe2WDw-GHvDdWQZ08YPRFkU2G1t07HjVBmjfSJ1I3YHu9LUEbK3sDlViF-hPB9JnqWr6RYyfs/s1600/nazi+arch+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXYHptjI4ISecOoweGhvLDUKiMVuSnlfzuSx1Ng6aHStF6w_C9dY8Svm5btZTlkArCsGLe2WDw-GHvDdWQZ08YPRFkU2G1t07HjVBmjfSJ1I3YHu9LUEbK3sDlViF-hPB9JnqWr6RYyfs/s1600/nazi+arch+1.jpg" height="300" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">One of Adolf
Hitler’s most cherished dreams was to build the largest monument ever created. With
the guidance of “the chief architect of the Reich” Albert Speer, he planned to
remake Berlin around what he saw as the future core of the Germanic empire: the
People’s Hall (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Volkshalle</i>), a dome
that was to be 290 meters (950 feet) high and able to accommodate 180,000
people. Hitler was so “obsessed” with his gigantic dome, Speer wrote, that he was
“deeply irked” when he learned that the Soviet Union had begun constructing an
even larger building in Moscow: The Palace of the Soviets. This palace was to
be 495 meters (1,624 feet) high and was to be crowned with a huge statue of
Lenin. Hitler was furious, for he felt “cheated of the glory of building the
tallest monumental structure in the world.” When Hitler ordered the invasion of
the Soviet Union in 1941, Speer realized that “Moscow’s rival building” had
preyed on Hitler’s mind “more than he had been willing to admit.” As the German
armies advanced toward Moscow, Hitler said: “Now this will be the end of their
building once and for all” (155).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Speer’s memoirs <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Inside the Third Reich</i>, published in 1969 after he served a twenty-year
sentence for his role in the Nazi hierarchy, often reads like a self-critical, melancholic
confession haunted by guilt. This self-criticism should be taken with a grain of salt, for Speer
is notably silent about the genocide of the European Jews (which he claimed he
was unaware of at his trial in Nuremberg) and about his own use of slave labor
as Minister of Armaments (a topic he touches upon only in passing). The text is
nonetheless an extraordinary document about the core of the Nazi machinery and about
Hitler’s bodily, spatial, and architectural sensibilities. The book reveals, in
particular, that Hitler viewed in monumental architecture a way of creating in the
body a disarming state of awe. Hitler was convinced that monumental buildings were powerful
weapons, and assumed that political supremacy <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">depended</i> (as his desire to crush the Palace of the Soviets
illustrates) on erecting structures that would dazzle and intimidate multitudes,
inhibiting their bodily disposition to act critically and assertively. Efforts
to cultivate reverence through monumental buildings have certainly existed for
millennia. But Speer’s account reveals the political intricacies of the affective
dimensions of monumentality, and the fact that these live on in one of the most distinctive
affective weapons of capitalism: skyscrapers.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Speer
shows that architecture was </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">not only</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">central to the Nazi project but also, and perhaps most notably, Hitler’s true passion in life, the only
topic that made him joyful and exuberant. Hitler would regularly
exclaim, “How much I would have loved to be an architect!” Hitler’s
architectural projects went back to the 1920s, when he drew sketches of the
Berlin he would rebuild as the capital of a Germanic empire so powerful that its
monuments would eclipse in size and splendor those of Rome. In </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">Mein Kampf</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">, he in fact complained that
the architecture of German cities lacked monumentality and grandeur. When
Hitler met Speer, he was dazzled by how the latter proposed to give material form
to his spatial megalomania. The son of a respected architect, Speer became not
only “the chief architect” of the Reich but also one of the most trusted members
of Hitler’s inner circle, and eventually the Minister of Armaments of the Reich
until the fall of Berlin. Hitler expressed a quasi-religious devotion for
Speer, whom he admired as the most brilliant architect who had ever lived. As
an aide to Hitler once told Speer, “Do you know who you are? You’re Hitler’s
unrequited love!” (133).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">For
Hitler and Speer, architecture was not simply the art of giving form to space;
it was the art of creating power <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">through</i>
monumental spatial forms. Critical architects such as <a href="http://www.versobooks.com/books/1107-hollow-land">Eyal Weizman</a> and <a href="https://weaponizedarchitecture.wordpress.com/">Leópold Lambert</a> have shown how the manipulation of spatial forms has profound political
implications in the control of mobility and visibility and in the deployment of
violence. The Wall of Separation and the myriad checkpoints built by Israel on
Palestinian land (brilliantly examined by Weizman and Lambert) are primary
examples of this militarization of architecture. This is why Lambert argues that
these are <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">weaponized</i> forms of architecture.
Walls and other architectural striations are nonetheless weaponized in a distinctive
way, as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">apparatuses of kinetic capture</i>:
that is, as material assemblages that control and channel the movement of
bodies in space. The control of mobility via the architectural capture of
mobility was certainly central to the spatiality of Nazi Germany, as the confinement
of the European Jews within walled ghettos and death camps illustrates. Hitler
and Speer, however, were intellectually disinterested in this type of weaponized
architecture, which they relegated to lesser functionaries. They were
interested, rather, in an architecture weaponized as an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">apparatus of</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">affective</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">capture</i> designed to create what
geographer Ben Anderson calls affective atmospheres: spatial environments that
exert pre-discursive, not-fully conscious pressures on the body. All architectural
forms create affective atmospheres in addition to organizing movement and my distinction
between apparatuses of kinetic and affective capture is purely heuristic, and
not meant to create a dichotomy or typology. Yet what Speer reveals in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Inside the Third Reich</i> is that the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">main</i> purpose of Hitler’s monumental architecture
was to inculcate affective intensities on the bodies contemplating it, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">capturing</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">their gaze and attention</i>.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The
key principle of this affective atmosphere was sheer size. Under the motto
“always the biggest,” Hitler wanted to build at a scale previously unseen in
the history of empires. As Hitler put it to Speer’s wife, “Your husband is
going to erect buildings for me such as have not been created for four thousand
years” (58). Speer admitted that this challenge of messianic proportions “intoxicated”
him. In 1936, he published a piece entitled <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Führer</span>’s Buildings</i> in which he
hailed Hitler’s “brilliance” for conceiving buildings of such a scale that they
would last “for eternity.” Taking this principle to heart, Speer engaged on a
race to surpass the monumental architecture of prior and rival empires. “I
found Hitler’s excitement rising whenever I could show him that at least in
size we had ‘beaten’ the other great buildings of history” (69). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">For
Hitler and Speer, Nazi Germany’s main architectonic competitors were the Roman,
French, and U.S. empires. The People’s Hall (“the greatest assembly hall in the
world ever conceived up to that time” and defined by “dimensions of an
inflationary sort”) was intended to surpass not only the Roman Pantheon (its
inspiration) but also the capitol in Washington DC, which “would have been
contained many times in such a mass.” The Nuremberg stadium was to surpass the
Circus Maximus in Rome and be able to accommodate 400,000 spectators (68). In
Hamburg, a massive skyscraper would compete with the Empire State Building in
New York. The new railroad station of Berlin was designed to surpass New York’s
Grand Central Station and Berlin’s Arch of Triumph would have been much bigger
than the one commissioned by Napoleon in Paris. Berlin’s main boulevard was to
be longer and grander than the Parisian boulevards. Speer explains that “the
idea” behind his architecture was straightforward: that people “would be
overwhelmed, or rather stunned, by the urban scene and thus the power of the
Reich” (134-135). The idea, in short, was to inculcate in the body what Spinoza
called negative affects: that is, affects that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">decrease</i> the body’s capacity for action by overwhelming it, stunning
it, numbing it, making it malleable and, in short, politically passive.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">This
principle was embodied in one of Speer’s first major projects: the Nuremberg
parade grounds built for the 1934 Nazi Party Congress, immortalized by Leni
Riefenstahl’s propaganda film <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Triumph of
the Will</i>. The monumentality of the classicist architecture of the stadium designed
by Speer was inseparable from the militarized discipline of the thousands of troops
and Nazi cadres portrayed in the film, forming a solid, geometrical bodily assemblage
united in its allegiance to The Fuhrer. If there’s a political ontology inculcated
by the affective atmosphere of this architectonic setting it is that of
Being-as-One: one people, one nation, one Reich, which Hitler highlighted in
his speech in that place, appealing to the “unity” and “obedience” of the
German people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hitler’s
and Speer’s attempt to reach transcendence through monumentality reached such
levels that they sought to numb the body even if those buildings were in ruins.
The ruins of the Roman empire, which Hitler admired as “imperishable symbols of
power,” became the inspiration of what Speer articulated as his “theory of
ruins.” His “theory” was that the buildings of the new Berlin should be made of
stone and brick (rather than steel and concrete) so that “in a thousand years”
their ruins would look imposing, like those of Rome. Hitler, in particular, assumed
that Nazi power would endure in those ruins because of their fetish power to
continue being an apparatus of affective capture. “Hitler liked to say that the
purpose of his building was to transmit its time and its spirit to posterity.
Ultimately, all that remained to remind men of the great epochs of history was
their monumental architecture, he would philosophize” (55).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These architectonic fantasies had a notable
spatial core: a thirty-meter long, three-dimensional model of the new,
monumentalized Berlin that was represented in extreme detail and was dominated
by The People’s Hall, the boulevard, and the Arch of Triumph. This miniature “model
city” was “Hitler’s favorite project.” Hitler would spend hours observing the
details of the model from many different angles, bowing down “to take measure
of the different effect.” He wanted to feel how those buildings would affect,
for instance, “a traveler emerging from the south station.” He was trying to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">feel in his own body</i>, in sum, the
affective atmosphere that would be created by his architecture once it was
built. “These were the rare times when he relinquished his usual stiffness. In
no other situation, did I see him so lively, so spontaneous, so relaxed” (133).
Obsessed with architecture as an affective weapon, Hitler was oblivious to
urban spatiality. “His passion for building for eternity left him without a
spark of interest in traffic arrangement, residential areas, and parks” (77-79).
Speer was also blind to living spaces, he admitted in retrospect, and noted
that his designs were “lifeless and regimented” and lacked “a sense of
proportion” (134). When he showed the model city to his father, he was taken
aback when the latter (also an architect) simply said, “You’ve all gone
completely crazy” (133).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The
works for the radical refashioning of Berlin began in 1937 but were halted when
the war began in September 1939. When in June 1940 Nazi Germany defeated France,
Hitler and Speer promptly visited Paris, which together with Rome was the other
city they sought to surpass. Hitler admired Haussmann and his aggressive
remaking of Paris in the mid-1800s, which had created the city as a bourgeois spectacle
(“He regarded Haussmann as the greatest city planner in history, but hoped that
I would surpass him,” 75). They stayed in Paris for only three hours, but visited
most of its famous monuments. Hitler wanted to immerse himself in the
atmosphere created by Paris’ architecture, and he said, visibly moved, “It was
the dream of my life to be permitted to see Paris. I cannot say how happy I am
to have that dream fulfilled today.” Paris affected Hitler at a deeper level;
it reawakened his passion for a monumentalized Berlin. The same evening he told
Speer, “Draw up a decree in my name ordering full-scale resumption of work on
the Berlin buildings. … Wasn’t Paris beautiful? But Berlin must be made far
more beautiful.” His order was to proceed with the construction plans “with
maximum urgency” (173).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Speer
was perplexed by the order, given its huge cost amid an ongoing war on multiple
fronts. Hitler dismissed these concerns; he was only worried about the
potentially negative impact on German public opinion, so the decree was to be
kept secret and the works were to be “camouflaged” under other rubrics. Why Hitler’s
“urgency”? The way he worded the decree is revealing. Hitler wrote: “I regard
the accomplishment of these supremely vital constructive tasks for the Reich as
the greatest step in the<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>preservation<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>of our victory.” Accordingly, the
decree was officially named: “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Decree</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">for the preservation of our victory</i>”
(173). For Hitler, in other words, the main way to safeguard the military
victories of 1939-1940 was <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">through</i>
the construction of imposing buildings. Monumental architecture was for him the
most powerful and decisive of all weapons, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supremely</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">vital,</i> in fact, to military victory. This
is also why Hitler sought to destroy the monumental architecture of his
enemies: not only the Palace of the Soviets in Moscow but also the skyscrapers
of New York City. As Speer reveals in his second memoires, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Spandau: The Secret Diaries</i> (1976), Hitler ordered the development
of long-range bombers that could reach New York and destroy its famed skyscrapers,
which he saw as key to the global power and prestige of the United States. The program
to build these bombers was eventually cancelled, but Speer noted that Hitler fantasized
about turning the skyscrapers of New York “into gigantic, burning torches”
(87).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When Germany invaded the Soviet
Union in June 1941, Stalin interrupted the construction of the Palace of the
Soviets and ordered that its steel frames were used to build fortifications and
other defenses (construction never resumed). Hitler, in contrast, insisted on
continuing with the works in Berlin, which by then employed 35,000 workers. In
July 1941, a month into the Russian campaign, Speer failed to convince Hitler
to stop construction. “He would not hear of any restrictions and refused to
divert the material and labor for his private buildings to war industries anymore.”
In September 1941, when the advance in Russia was stalling, “Hitler ordered
sizable increases in our contracts for granite purchases from Sweden, Norway,
and Finland for my big Berlin and Nuremberg buildings.” On November 29, 1941,
Hitler dismissed once again Speer’s concerns, and said bluntly, “I am not going
to let the war keep me from accomplishing my plans.” By early December, the
German army was facing a catastrophe in Russia due to the winter weather and
the destruction of railroad lines. Speer told Hitler that most of the workers employed
in Berlin should be urgently assigned to repair railroads in Russia.
“Incredibly, it was two weeks before Hitler could bring himself to authorize
this. On December 27, 1941, he at last issued the order” (185). Hitler’s
prolonged refusal to divert manpower and resources from the massive buildings
in Berlin confirms that he indeed saw them as the powerful fetishes that would “preserve”
his early victories. Ironically, this obsession undermined German military
might in the early months of the Russian campaign and may have contributed to its
long-term defeat. If there was a body enthralled by the atmospheres created by
monumental architecture it was that of Hitler himself. By May 1945, Berlin and Nazi
Germany had been reduced to rubble. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
affective weaponization of monumental architecture by Nazi Germany is an
extreme example of a spatial paradigm that is as old as empires. Speer’s and
Hitler’s monumentality certainly has historically specific and distinctively
fascist elements, such as its imitation of Roman and Greek classicism, its
explicit celebration of state power, and its particularly delusional, fetishized
megalomania. Yet many of its core architectural and affective principles live
on in the present. This surfaces in one notable passage in which Speer sought to
whitewash Nazi monumentality by referring to the monumentality of the present.
After admitting the “chronic megalomania” of his architecture, he wrote that
his designs “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">are not so excessive by
present-day standards</i> when skyscrapers and public buildings all over the
world have reached <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">similar proportions</i>.
Perhaps it was less their size than <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the
way they violated the human scale</i> that made them abnormal” (138, my
emphasis). Speer appealed to a western audience’s familiarity with skyscrapers
as normalized features of the modern world to retroactively present fascist megalomania
as “not so excessive.” But in doing so, he actually brought to light that
fascist megalomania is comparable to corporate forms of monumentality, and that
both can be seen as equally “excessive” apparatuses of affective capture. When
Speer argued that the “abnormality” of Nazi architecture was not its “size” but
the way it “violated the human scale,” one can easily turn his play of words around
and show that current monumentality is equally “abnormal” in its “violation” of
“the human scale.” Isn’t the defining goal of monumentality to dwarf “the human
scale” and present the body as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">miniscule</i>?
Haven’t skyscrapers surpassed in scale and “excess” anything Speer ever dreamed
of?</span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Speer
admits that Nazi monumentality was a “nouveau rich architecture of prestige” based
on “pure spectacle” and “the urge to demonstrate one’s strength” (136, 69). He
could as well be referring to the skyscrapers that currently define the skyline
of New York, Shanghai, or Dubai. Hitler’s obsession to build “bigger” than
other empires is easy to pathologize as the delusions of a “madman.” But the
competitive zeal to build “bigger” has become a planetary phenomenon. That the
tallest skyscrapers in the world are currently in the Persian Gulf and Asia
simply replicates what the United States did in the early 1900s when it emerged
as an imperial power: “the urge to demonstrate one’s strength.” The architectural
face of the authoritarian capitalism of the twenty-first century is embodied in
skyscrapers like the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, which at 830 meters (2,722 feet) high
seeks to dazzle the bodies contemplating it from the ground while, at the same
time, erasing that its phallic structure was built by a quasi-enslaved labor
force. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bruno Latour and other object-oriented ontologists would
probably explain the power of monumental buildings to affect the body as
resulting from their existence as huge objects (or, in Latour’s words, as
actants with agency). But affective atmospheres are not the outcome of objects alone;
they are also a function of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">disposition</i>
of bodies to be affected by them in a particular way. Not all human bodies, needless
to say, are dazzled by monumental architecture and affectively captured by its
presence. Huge buildings are certainly more readily noticed, but throughout
history many people have disregarded the mandate to be intimidated by their
scale. Hitler’s veneration of Roman ruins as transcendental emblems of power, for
instance, overlooked that for over a thousand years people in Rome disregarded
those ruins as unimpressive piles of rubble, to be readily recycled as
construction materials or used as pasture fields.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2BDcp79m1butIPa6ODCwEWlB6M6LfYKNyEaXfT9qi87HJsJ35gQwlPhcSRvpQaU-3haC985JAV0Zzj7tf8Fz4ub0rKAu4Y4tE649fNsqBb8HFtOWDjbYBA8Ay6tNsmOtWtX62WLaElBs/s1600/paris+expo+37.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2BDcp79m1butIPa6ODCwEWlB6M6LfYKNyEaXfT9qi87HJsJ35gQwlPhcSRvpQaU-3haC985JAV0Zzj7tf8Fz4ub0rKAu4Y4tE649fNsqBb8HFtOWDjbYBA8Ay6tNsmOtWtX62WLaElBs/s1600/paris+expo+37.jpg" height="194" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A notable example of the subversion
of the awe-inducing atmosphere cultivated by monumentality took place in the Paris
World Fair of 1937. It was there that the monumental architecture of Nazi
Germany and the Soviet Union competed with each other at close range, for their
pavilions faced each other. The Soviet design consisted of two huge human
figures standing on a pedestal and charging ahead, as if about to overran the
Nazi building. Speer designed the German pavilion, and wrote that he was able
to see in Paris a secret sketch of the Soviet monument “striding triumphantly
toward the German pavilion.” He decided to erect an enormous counter-monument:
a solid, cubic mass “which seemed to be checking this onslaught.” The monument
was crowned with an eagle with a swastika in its claws looking on the Soviet sculpture
from above, therefore asserting its superiority. Both buildings won the fair’s
“gold medal” (81). This “tie” symbolized that Nazi and Soviet architects were
committed to similar forms of monumentality, designed to impress. The fact that
the bourgeois monumentality of the Eiffel Tower stood a few hundred meters
behind, as an equally assertive emblem of power, also reveals that despite
their ideological differences all these different monuments were designed as
affective weapons intended to create a bodily state of respect. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">This
is why the true spatial confrontation at the Paris World Fair lay elsewhere, opposing
these monuments to the small pavilion of the Spanish Republic, which was then going
through a dramatic revolution and civil war. The Spanish pavilion was made up
of a modest, two-story building that housed a painting whose affective power was
to outlive that of the German and Soviet monuments: the Guernica by Pablo
Picasso, which was commissioned for the fair. Capturing the bombing of the
Basque town of Guernica by German warplanes fighting for Franco against the
Spanish Republic, Picasso’s painting drew multitudes as an emblem of the destruction
and suffering created by war and fascism. The atmosphere of fragmentation,
multiplicity, bodily rupture, and negativity created by Picasso stood in
opposition to the fantasy of wholeness and totality embodied by the Nazi and
Soviet monuments. Whereas the German and Soviet pavilions exuded transcendence,
the pavilion of the Spanish Republic exuded the immanence of rubble.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP-P7c63_SulyPZSulkoYwufeV8PyoTa-2N291bv0NYziimDg8T5GqgODWEnKkKA8ErCQAFsvMuTr7ErN5mhyxY-9O3xY0h42CtPdXrOThHjCbg_OdkHl1dcE0zRWHorGeUxJ8vKrppBk/s1600/guernica_pablo_picasso.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP-P7c63_SulyPZSulkoYwufeV8PyoTa-2N291bv0NYziimDg8T5GqgODWEnKkKA8ErCQAFsvMuTr7ErN5mhyxY-9O3xY0h42CtPdXrOThHjCbg_OdkHl1dcE0zRWHorGeUxJ8vKrppBk/s1600/guernica_pablo_picasso.jpg" height="177" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="text-indent: 36pt;">As
I argue in </span><i style="text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="http://www.dukeupress.edu/Rubble/">Rubble</a></i><span style="text-indent: 36pt;">, those who cherish
monumentality are inherently hostile to rubble, for they are terrified of rubble’s
voiding of positive space. Hitler’s and Speer’s celebration of grand “ruins,” it
is worth noting, made them feel contempt for (and fear of) “mere rubble.” If
monumental architecture stands for Being-as-One (The People’s Hall, The Palace
of the Soviets, The Empire State Building, the Burj Khalifa), rubble stands for
the opposite: the pure multiplicity of being and therefore, following Badiou’s
ontology, the figure of the void. The Guernica’s affective power during the
1937 World Fair was its capacity to immerse the observer in a visual void that
was as unsettling as it was generative. Its generative negativity revealed that
the huge structures standing nearby were modern-day totems, monuments to hubris
built to deflect the destruction that was constitutive of their materiality and
that the destiny of all buildings, irrespective of their size, is to be reduced
to the assertive nothingness of rubble.</span></span></div>
</div>
Gastón Gordillohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524310935707885766noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4465950730953186851.post-37161678163625633672013-12-20T16:36:00.001-08:002013-12-21T23:12:17.961-08:00The Tallest Ruin in the World<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh6Q-N6Zu5EbmX9_UP0ZubwUaxzOVyeNRc3TRnloMJsuNiSOJD0Z-xqW2-Tse7iIVAou3XvIpgcy7gXGhQjJOW_BrQ-brhKkT5-n8Y78yqHu3aRSJ8bLDdbopufzrmfjciFUpzK7N9Kow/s1600/caracas+8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh6Q-N6Zu5EbmX9_UP0ZubwUaxzOVyeNRc3TRnloMJsuNiSOJD0Z-xqW2-Tse7iIVAou3XvIpgcy7gXGhQjJOW_BrQ-brhKkT5-n8Y78yqHu3aRSJ8bLDdbopufzrmfjciFUpzK7N9Kow/s320/caracas+8.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
In <i>Society of the Spectacle</i>, Guy Debord argued that capitalism neutralizes critical dispositions through the hypnotic power of its spectacle of commodities, mass advertising, light, films, color, and excess. What Debord doesn't analyze is that this spectacularity requires the production of <i>spectacular space</i>: that is, space made to look imposing and dazzling. If there is one architectural form that embodies the spectacular nature of capitalist space, it's the skyscraper: the monument that most national elites seek to emulate and make taller, from Shanghai to Dubai. Skyscrapers are, as Henri Lefebvre long noted, phallic and arrogant structures whose verticality seeks to induce a state of disarming awe at
the prowess, wealth, and creativity of the rich. This is the disposition that Walter Benjamin discovered in the bourgeois architecture of nineteenth-century Paris, where arcades, boulevards, and world fairs created a state of complacent daydreaming. In the early twenty-first century, this daydreaming emanates from the verticality of the skyscrapers that define the skyline of New
York City, Dubai, and Hong Kong. In the words of David Nye, skyscrapers have come to embody "the geometrical sublime." But like all human-made objects, these sublime fetishes of global capitalism are haunted by their future ruination. After all, as <span style="color: #262626;">Žižek put i, t</span>he fetish <span style="color: #262626;">is </span><span style="color: #262626;">“an object that conceals the void.” </span><br />
<!--EndFragment--> If the interruption and voiding of the spectacular spatiality of global capitalism has a planetary core, it is probably Venezuela. As <a href="http://www.sujathafernandes.com/p/who-can-stop-drums.html">Sujatha Fernandes</a> and <a href="http://georgeciccariello.com/">George Ciccariello-Maher</a> have shown, the empowerment of the Venezuelan poor under Chávez has been a territorial force that controls and disputes spaces and that asserts local forms of grassroots autonomy from the old elites and the Chavista state bureaucracy. This appropriation has involved one of the most notable ruins in the world, La Torre de David: The
Tower of David. This is an unfinished forty-five-story skyscraper, one of the tallest
in South America, which was abandoned when its owner David Brillembourg
died and his company went bankrupt because of the profound
financial crisis that hit Venezuela in 1994. In 1998, the anti-elite sentiments
created by the massacre of protesters in Caracas in 1989 led to
the election of Hugo Chávez as president. This was the birth of the Bolivarian Revolution and the beginning of the turn to the Left in South America. By 2007, The Tower of David had been abandoned for ever a decade when hundreds of people began moving in and colonizing its solid yet empty structure of concrete, glass, and steel. Today, close to 3,000 men, women, and children have turned the Tower of
David into their home.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn1ekC4R712keDjVnnp5xuPgp-hRA_aO_EWe6x3U_ahN61d6I0xo0uTHnOOiw3A2PX1yuxFDdJFhL40g2Yf-ltUdDWl2F8N0ZLGAD2mqrMy6dWl8M1m0VYwLfEGsNKAC6r2_v5eKbDXOc/s1600/caracas+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn1ekC4R712keDjVnnp5xuPgp-hRA_aO_EWe6x3U_ahN61d6I0xo0uTHnOOiw3A2PX1yuxFDdJFhL40g2Yf-ltUdDWl2F8N0ZLGAD2mqrMy6dWl8M1m0VYwLfEGsNKAC6r2_v5eKbDXOc/s320/caracas+5.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="color: black; text-indent: 36pt;"> In a piece in <i>The New Yorker</i>, Jon Lee Anderson called The Tower of David <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2013/01/28/130128fa_fact_anderson">“the tallest slum in the world.”</a> </span><span style="text-indent: 36pt;">Replicating
U.S.-centered, neoconservative narratives of “failed states,” he wrote, “Caracas is a failed city, and the Tower of
David is perhaps the ultimate symbol of that failure.” </span><span style="color: black; text-indent: 36pt;">The Venezuelan elites couldn't agree more; they see this appropriated
skyscraper as everything that is wrong with the Bolivarian Revolution: a feared source of </span><span style="text-indent: 36pt;">“crime”</span><span style="text-indent: 36pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; text-indent: 36pt;">and “anarchy.” The hundreds of families who live there have long rebutted
this demonization. Many admit that the Tower of David is not
an ideal home, as it is difficult to navigate because of its verticality and
the lack of elevators. Many also criticize the Chavista bureaucracy in its failure
to provide proper housing. But all who live there agree they are better off in
the Tower of David than where they were before. They are proud of the homes
they have made with their bare hands, building walls and setting up an electric
grid and water hoses to make twenty-eight stories livable. They have, in short,
appropriated a vertical node of rubble and turned it into something else: a
home they feel attached to. More important, they run the tower along collective
principles and feel in control (see accounts by residents of the Torre de David <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v1p9jlQUW0k">here</a>, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/video/world/americas/100000000672239/venezuela-skyscraper.html">here</a>, and <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/20/worlds-tallest-squat-caracas-venezuela">here</a>). </span><span style="text-indent: 36pt;">As </span><a href="http://thefunambulist.net/2011/07/28/architectures-without-architects-the-torre-de-david-in-caracas-as-a-appropriation-of-capitalisms-structure/" style="text-indent: 36pt;">Léopold Lambert</a><span style="text-indent: 36pt;"> aptly notes, the occupation
of this skyscraper is “a proletarian reclaim of territory.” This is no ordinary territorial reclaim: it is the expropriation by the poor of one of the most revered material totems of global capitalism. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizIKLiM_Da-t65mMK5k4Z_uceRVHNLuqxsF_JOUDGfDnn9Gw5nzDeWcFAkZeQKoZIfrHCJsEMEooy9QtGKPZlOaONwtcG5n588TkpxtBXaamb_rytYV-IxRJ4CvZU-BH8ZraZq6CL583Q/s1600/caracas+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizIKLiM_Da-t65mMK5k4Z_uceRVHNLuqxsF_JOUDGfDnn9Gw5nzDeWcFAkZeQKoZIfrHCJsEMEooy9QtGKPZlOaONwtcG5n588TkpxtBXaamb_rytYV-IxRJ4CvZU-BH8ZraZq6CL583Q/s320/caracas+4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
Ruins are potentially disruptive of dominant forms of spatiality because they turn what used to be private or state property into part of the commons.
Rubble is matter that belongs to no one and to everyone and that radiates
around it a collective spatiality. As I analyze in detail in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://spaceandpolitics.blogspot.ca/2013/08/rubble-in-300-words.html">Rubble</a></i>, ruins can for this reason create
a gravitational force that attracts bodies toward them. <span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">In 2007, hundreds of families empowered by the changes created by the
Bolivarian Revolution were drawn to the tallest ruin created by neoliberalism in the Caracas of the 1990s. And this spatial expansiveness has become
particularly unsettling to people like Anderson because it shatters the phantasmagoria
of the skyscraper as a fetish that is supposed to dazzle and impress.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqJ64jfvX6GikwiMLfi4L63jEDB46JtLoMlE_TRz70oGDJwrFUMJn-9yaA5-9ysINPa0FY0wILrP9_QS9YYc2XGa2izwVy48Iht4_Nmi-QIf9ubCJPBffZ0BzfklMMzIoENY1WY_l4gAs/s1600/caracas+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqJ64jfvX6GikwiMLfi4L63jEDB46JtLoMlE_TRz70oGDJwrFUMJn-9yaA5-9ysINPa0FY0wILrP9_QS9YYc2XGa2izwVy48Iht4_Nmi-QIf9ubCJPBffZ0BzfklMMzIoENY1WY_l4gAs/s320/caracas+1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt;">The Tower of David is the only skyscraper in the world that fell<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>into ruins<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>only to be physically appropriated by the poor and turned into part
of the commons. In a world in which the commons are being subjected to an
unrelenting onslaught of privatizations and physical destruction and
degradation, this is not without spatial and political significance. The fact
that anywhere else a similar occupation of corporate architecture would have
been immediately repressed by riot police speaks of the favorable political
context in which it took place. While critics dismiss this subaltern
appropriation of the Tower of David for betraying their abstract ideals of
“progress” and “decent housing,” this dismissal reveals a visceral, class-based
discomfort at the colonization of an abandoned skyscraper by those who
allegedly do not belong there. This colonization is spatially subversive because
of its affective power to dissolve the phantasmagoria of spectacular space.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf37GEU7_3CGks4kf69gnOAJLCj7Kfpy1I6tO0FF7dciK8lAE2rPpIcgJ12EUdy4GEjn4-UbOrJIqEpmAo3s_KLiJAvoKlkjSHVPK4vizhQ7sgC8kNn71fYtiv-DCwMNDu1B45P99cf-k/s1600/dubai+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf37GEU7_3CGks4kf69gnOAJLCj7Kfpy1I6tO0FF7dciK8lAE2rPpIcgJ12EUdy4GEjn4-UbOrJIqEpmAo3s_KLiJAvoKlkjSHVPK4vizhQ7sgC8kNn71fYtiv-DCwMNDu1B45P99cf-k/s320/dubai+1.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt;">Not surprisingly, many of those who demonize the Venezuelan Revolution
idealize the corporate dictatorship that rules Dubai from the height of the
most spectacular skyscrapers in the world. Further, the world elites admire those
dazzling skyscrapers as their dreamlike class utopia, where the poor are kept in
their place (and at the ground level). </span>Shortly after President Chávez
died in March 2013, the Associated Press business reporter <span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="http:/">Pamela Sampson</a> wrote that Chávez invested Venezuela’s oil
wealth “into social programs including state-run food markets, cash benefits
for poor families, free health clinics and education programs.” “But,” she
added, those gains are “meager” compared “with the spectacular construction
projects that oil riches spurred in glittering Middle Eastern cities, including
the world’s tallest building in Dubai.” This is a transparent admission of the
priorities that guide neoliberalism as a system in which the construction of spectacular
buildings is seen as more important than the improvement of the living
conditions of millions. It also shows how the fetishization of skyscrapers
built to attract the gaze encourages a topographic disregard for the world’s
poor, who are seen as so devoid of value that any alleviation of their
suffering is dismissed as wasteful. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">This
disregard also reveals the planetary constellations that entangle the
skyscrapers of Dubai and the socialized skyscraper of Caracas. The fear of “the
tallest slum in the world” is the fear of an unsettling, ominous ruin: an unfinished skyscraper appropriated by a radicalized, nonwhite multitude that is unafraid of rubble and is
organized around egalitarian sentiments. In being the tallest ruin in the world, The Tower of David indexes a rupture and a potentiality: the possibility that the crack may expand, multiply, and shatter a space that seemed spectacular</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i>This essay is a revised excerpt from the conclusions of my forthcoming book </i><a href="http://www.dukeupress.edu/Rubble/">Rubble: The Afterlife of Destruction</a><i> (Duke University Press, August 2014)</i></div>
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Gastón Gordillohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524310935707885766noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4465950730953186851.post-52261291510406201362013-11-12T14:51:00.000-08:002013-11-12T17:13:01.694-08:00Affective Hegemonies<div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-style: italic; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt;">I wrote this review essay about the book </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Posthegemony</span><i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">
by my friend and colleague Jon Beasley-Murray over three years ago, for the
book launch we had at UBC. I then put it aside hoping to turn it, at some
point, into a longer journal article. But, alas, I never found the time.
It’s time to share it here</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">.</span></i></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; text-indent: 36pt;"> </span><span style="font-style: italic; text-indent: 36pt;"><i> </i> </span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">Jon
Beasley-Murray’s </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">Posthegemony:</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;"> </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">Political Theory and Latin America</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;"> is a bold,
groundbreaking proposition to abandon the concept of hegemony that may allow
us, ironically, to re-politicize our understanding of hegemony by redefining it
as an affective formation. Some clues about this direction are on the book’s title,
an intriguing one given that this is a work committed to philosophies of
affirmation. </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">Posthegemony</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">, after all,
is a term that seeks to move beyond, and thereby to negate, “hegemony.” Indeed,
Beasley-Murray critically dissects the concept of hegemony in order to shows
how its alleged rationalism, its transcendent connotations, and its emphasis on
ideology and representation cannot account for the affective,
non-representational, and habitual dimensions that are immanent to political
forces. And he suggests that we abandon the concept altogether, for we live (always
have) in post-hegemonic times. This negative gesture against hegemony is thus articulated
as an affirmation of concepts such as affect, immanence, habit, and the multitude.
Yet “hegemony” is still on the title. Preceded by the “post,” the concept that is
so thoroughly negated in the book is still present, as if Beasley-Murray were drawn
to it through a Hegelian sublation that can only (wish to) destroy a concept by
preserving it. This oscillation between distancing and incorporation, destruction
and appropriation, pervades the entire book and reveals, I propose here, that </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">Posthegemony</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;"> is, against itself, a call
for an affective understanding of hegemony.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beasley-Murray’s main argument is that we should
leave behind transcendent notions of hegemony as limit, pressure, ideological
representation, and negation, as something that a transcendent state imposes on
“the people” from the distance. He advocates, rather, an immanent, affective,
and affirmative approach to politics based on the corporality of multitudes
that come together through resonance yet may also resist change through the
force of habits. And Beasley-Murray elaborates this approach through a detailed
engagement with multiple bodies of literature: cultural studies, civil society
theorists, studies of populism, and the work of Baruch Spinoza, Gilles Deleuze,
Antonio Negri, and Pierre Bourdieu, among others. More importantly, he grounds
his argument on an intricate, impassionate examination of the political-affective
terrains of twentieth-century Latin America: the affective resonances that made
people support Juan Domingo Perón’s government in Argentina or join the FMLN
guerrillas in El Salvador; the elusive, hard-to-represent nature of the Shinning
Path guerrillas in Peru; the force of habituation in the resilience of attitudes
forged in the Pinochet-era that lingered in post-dictatorship Chile. These historical,
political, and conceptual dimensions make of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Posthegemony</i> a book of great originality and theoretical importance
that is stimulating debates on multiple fronts. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yet
this is also a book that may reinvigorate the concept of hegemony by re-reading
it through an affective lens. Beasley-Murray will certainly protest. It is
clear that he does <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not</i> want to revitalize
the notion of hegemony at all. Yet in the pages that follow, I suggest that the
notion of “affective hegemonies” may allow us to do this: i.e. to reveal the
convergence between Beasley-Murray’s argument about affective politics and
Gramsci’s understanding of hegemony as a field of contestation that involves,
primarily, a struggle to define the contours of dominant forms of common sense.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7jUsErTxqhwm_vZNBHUNK9_as16Eqk1OWnLyT4SWqZfgwjLLSKZAU_KLUhoc7182yUavYAyFAiruwBhJIIYKGTCadbgbthNPm5Sf06IqDIgd5Xle2e8i5DYihzOE7V5hkAiL4VjtBDi0/s1600/gramsci_pop_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7jUsErTxqhwm_vZNBHUNK9_as16Eqk1OWnLyT4SWqZfgwjLLSKZAU_KLUhoc7182yUavYAyFAiruwBhJIIYKGTCadbgbthNPm5Sf06IqDIgd5Xle2e8i5DYihzOE7V5hkAiL4VjtBDi0/s320/gramsci_pop_1.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="290" /></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">This
is why one of the most fascinating aspects of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Posthegemony</i> is Beasley-Murray’s masterful silencing of Gramsci. The
book certainly begins by tackling Gramsci head on, naming the name that had to
be named. The problem to be deconstructed in the rest of the book is clearly stated
at the beginning of chapter one. Gramsci, we are told, says that no power can
subsist on “coercion” alone, that domination needs “consensus,” that consensus
is the bedrock of politics, and that power relies on violence only as
supplement. Gramsci’s theory of hegemony is thereby presented by Beasley-Murray
as a theory of “consensus” structured by a neat opposition between consent and
coercion. And after being briefly presented in such a way, Gramsci disappears from
the text, not to be engaged again in a book devoted to debunking the idea of
hegemony once and for all. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">As
a result, as I was reading <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Posthegemony</i>
I kept looking for Gramsci and kept stumbling upon the cultural studies
literature and the work of Ernesto Laclau, who in the text becomes Gramsci’s Argentine
ventriloquist. Laclau is in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Posthegemony</i>
the body through which the absent ghost of Gramsci seems to speak. But is this
the voice of Gramsci? While reading the book, I was initially perplexed by this
absence. Because <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Posthegemony</i> is not
just any book: it is a very ambitious intellectual project built upon a
relentless, thorough, very careful reading of vast bodies of work. Every time Beasley-Murray
engages with an author (be it Hall, Laclau, Bourdieu, or Deleuze), he dissects
their ideas from the inside out. Gramsci, in contrast, is invoked briefly and
in passing. Beasley-Murray read the cultural studies literature so thoroughly
that the Gramsci he objects to is the one invoked, largely, in British and
North American academia. Could it be that, in not confronting Gramsci, Beasley-Murray
was paying oblique homage to the man who first thought about the very problems that
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Posthegemony</i> seeks to understand?</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1mJUGiWllYF2fsx9V-L8b4_GXeBzNiSvawe59zur3UEshbIuqm3EztJEBXYI47LsAwqFsrj7m0i696ug9DwFnqR0bNMW3gmp8KQrcChQ4_TMWZSdr7jm1IHOqUeUpwVcHlFzTHNX2kQ8/s1600/fmln+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1mJUGiWllYF2fsx9V-L8b4_GXeBzNiSvawe59zur3UEshbIuqm3EztJEBXYI47LsAwqFsrj7m0i696ug9DwFnqR0bNMW3gmp8KQrcChQ4_TMWZSdr7jm1IHOqUeUpwVcHlFzTHNX2kQ8/s320/fmln+2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">A
brief line in the book hints in that direction. In Chapter one, Beasley-Murray
convincingly argues that in order to understand Laclau’s theory of hegemony and
his views of populism it is crucial to take into account that he produced those
ideas in the Argentina of the 1960s (p. 42). And Beasley-Murray adds in passing,
before coming back to Laclau, that the same applies to Gramsci: that his theorization
of hegemony was inseparable from his experience as a revolutionary leader and
thinker in the fascist Italy of the 1920s and 1930s. This was a remarkable
moment in the book, in which Gramsci is briefly evoked in the text to remind us
of the political, geographical, and historical terrains that made him write
about hegemony. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">Indeed,
this historical and positioning is crucial to understanding Gramsci’s thinking
on hegemony. As is well known, his </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">Prison Notebooks</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;"> were produced under
extremely difficult conditions in a fascist prison cell, aggravated by his weak
health. And these adverse conditions prompted Gramsci to articulate an </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;">affirmative</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: 36pt;"> theory of hegemony, evocatively
embodied in his emphasis on an “optimism of the will” that could counter the
“pessimism of the intellect.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gramsci’s primary goal as a revolutionary leader and thinker was
to <i>create</i> a socialist hegemony in Italy. Hegemony was for him goal,
affirmation, positivity: something to be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fought
for</i>. The goal of the Italian Communist Party was to persuade the Italian multitudes
that communism was the common sense of the subaltern classes through a confrontation
that was as political-ideological as it was cultural and tied to what counts as
“common sense.” Gramsci was particularly interested in analyzing the failure of the Italian bourgeoisie,
relative to other national bourgeoisies in Europe, to create political hegemony
in the whole space of the Italian peninsula, which prevented the consolidation of
a unified nation-state until the late 1800s. In Gramsci, this expansive view of hegemony took precedence over his own view of hegemony as negation, limit, and constraint.
Yet the historical and political conditions under which English-speaking
scholars read Gramsci in North America and western Europe in the 1970s and
1980s, in a context of conservative restoration, made them prioritize the
latter view of hegemony, as consensus and limit that erodes radical politics. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beasley-Murray
may counter-argue that Gramsci still advocated a
conception of hegemony based on ideology and discourse, without looking at the
affects and habits that make multitudes resonate (or not). And Beasley-Murray
is here partly right. The strength of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Posthegemony</i>
is its forceful call for an affective understanding of the non-representational
forces that make ordinary men and women join certain causes or support
particular governments. But I would argue that the rudiments of an affective theory
of hegemony are already present in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Prison Notebooks</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-uCib8mCk5hpUkiBtcO_M9K5ofkLhtSvkUVeTmLtjumCUc0j7j1d4f4WJUTref4BeF3aHYUld4xH8YBx5Hg0eD2YDoJ7T_FtZEWoPkV8GZ4I0WL6qetqCXtlfmZCzb7sLdD3ctBWW7LU/s1600/hugo+chavez.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-uCib8mCk5hpUkiBtcO_M9K5ofkLhtSvkUVeTmLtjumCUc0j7j1d4f4WJUTref4BeF3aHYUld4xH8YBx5Hg0eD2YDoJ7T_FtZEWoPkV8GZ4I0WL6qetqCXtlfmZCzb7sLdD3ctBWW7LU/s320/hugo+chavez.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">First,
Gramsci shares with Beasley-Murray a commitment to an immanent understanding of
politics that is critical of transcendent reifications. He famously insisted that
the philosophy of praxis should be conceived of as an “absolute historicism,
the absolute earthliness of thought” and explicitly rejected metaphysical
conceptions of materialism removed from historically-grounded, existing social
actors </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Cite><Author>Gramsci</Author><Year>1971
[1929-35]</Year><RecNum>142</RecNum><Suffix>:465`, also
450</Suffix><record><rec-number>142</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN"
db-id="et5etsfemfxrzgeaz5fvsrw6vp5d5p0vtxv2">142</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Edited
Book">28</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gramsci,
Antonio</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Hoare,
Quintin </author><author>Nowell Smith,
Geoffrey</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Selection
from the Prison
Notebooks</title></titles><keywords><keyword>Gramsci</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1971
[1929-35]</year></dates><pub-location>New
York:</pub-location><publisher>International
Publishers</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Gramsci
1971 [1929-35]:465, also 450)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">. And while he did not embrace Spinozian
notions of affect and the body, he did not reduce hegemony to ideology or to conceptual-discursive
representations. For Gramsci, the struggle for hegemony involved contestations over
popular culture and, more importantly, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">common
sense</i>. This interest in common sense is particularly important because for Gramsci
the struggle for hegemony mobilized not only ideological disputes but also the non-ideological,
subterranean, not-fully-conscious subjective terrains that interest Beasley-Murray.
The starting point for the philosophy of praxis, wrote Gramsci, “must always be
that common sense which is the spontaneous philosophy of the multitude…” </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite
ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Gramsci</Author><Year>1971
[1929-35]</Year><RecNum>142</RecNum><Suffix>:421</Suffix><record><rec-number>142</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN"
db-id="et5etsfemfxrzgeaz5fvsrw6vp5d5p0vtxv2">142</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Edited
Book">28</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gramsci,
Antonio</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Hoare,
Quintin </author><author>Nowell Smith,
Geoffrey</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Selection
from the Prison Notebooks</title></titles><keywords><keyword>Gramsci</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1971
[1929-35]</year></dates><pub-location>New
York:</pub-location><publisher>International
Publishers</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(1971
[1929-35]:421)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">. And common sense involved for him the “feeling-passion”
that shapes the relationship between rulers and ruled as well as a naturalized view
of the world that is “the immediate product of crude sensation” </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite
ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Gramsci</Author><Year>1971
[1929-35]</Year><RecNum>142</RecNum><Suffix>:418`,
420`,
etc.</Suffix><record><rec-number>142</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN"
db-id="et5etsfemfxrzgeaz5fvsrw6vp5d5p0vtxv2">142</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Edited
Book">28</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gramsci,
Antonio</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Hoare,
Quintin </author><author>Nowell Smith,
Geoffrey</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Selection
from the Prison Notebooks</title></titles><keywords><keyword>Gramsci</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1971
[1929-35]</year></dates><pub-location>New
York:</pub-location><publisher>International
Publishers</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(1971
[1929-35]:418, 420, etc.)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">. These ideas are underdeveloped and often
under-theorized. But in arguing that the struggle for hegemony involves a common
sense not reducible to consciousness, Gramsci anticipated some of the points
made in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Posthegemony</i> about the
political power of affects and everyday habits.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUbdn9_AIDyY086RXfLoepU2BBuMfjS9SaWGzWFeXjX0un8iq-k-cH3qnc7vbzQFnMwTtuZUZyfTP3dInxtTdoSInTVD8N2vrXYwOJwc77n0Can_eJDDcms0LfQru3kcMBdSoO62q1GW4/s1600/llorar-por-perc3b3n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUbdn9_AIDyY086RXfLoepU2BBuMfjS9SaWGzWFeXjX0un8iq-k-cH3qnc7vbzQFnMwTtuZUZyfTP3dInxtTdoSInTVD8N2vrXYwOJwc77n0Can_eJDDcms0LfQru3kcMBdSoO62q1GW4/s320/llorar-por-perc3b3n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Additionally,
it is important to note that Beasley-Murray’s argument for abandoning the
notion of hegemony is very different from the position articulated by other
authors who also reject the concept. Derek Sayer, for instance, criticized the idea
of hegemony by arguing that people may not challenge the state not because they
consent to it but because they are <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aware</i>
of its power to unleash violence and repression. Every state, he concludes, is ultimately
founded not on hegemony but on violence </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sayer</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>325</RecNum><record><rec-number>325</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="et5etsfemfxrzgeaz5fvsrw6vp5d5p0vtxv2">325</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sayer,
Derek</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Gilbert,
Joseph</author><author>Nugent,
Daniel</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Everyday
Forms of State Formation: Some Dissident Remarks on
&quot;Hegemony&quot;</title><secondary-title>Everyday Forms
of State Formation: Revolution and the Negotiation of Rule in Modern
Mexico</secondary-title></titles><pages>367-377</pages><keywords><keyword>State</keyword><keyword>Hegemony</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1994</year></dates><pub-location>Durham</pub-location><publisher>Duke
University
Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Sayer
1994)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Another well-known critique is that of James Scott </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite
ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Scott</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>328</RecNum><record><rec-number>328</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN"
db-id="et5etsfemfxrzgeaz5fvsrw6vp5d5p0vtxv2">328</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Scott,
James</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Domination
and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden
Transcripts</title></titles><keywords><keyword>Domination</keyword><keyword>Resistance</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1990</year></dates><pub-location>New
Haven</pub-location><publisher>Yale University
Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(1990)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">, who argued that what we call “hegemony”
is merely the superficial <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">appearance</i> of
consent. For Scott, the oppressed pretend to consent in order to deceive the
powerful, presenting a “public transcript” of acquiescence that hides a “hidden
transcript” of dissent and critical awareness. Sayer and Scott, in other words,
argue that the idea of hegemony is misleading because ordinary people are aware
of their oppression and, deep inside, are <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">free</i>
subjects. As Tim Mitchell </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite
ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Mitchell</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>1026</RecNum><record><rec-number>1026</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="et5etsfemfxrzgeaz5fvsrw6vp5d5p0vtxv2">1026</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Journal
Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mitchell,
Timothy</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Everyday
Metaphors of Power</title><secondary-title>Theory and
Society</secondary-title></titles><pages>545-577</pages><volume>19</volume><keywords><keyword>Metaphor</keyword><keyword>Power</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1990</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(1990)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> has argued in his critique of Scott, this
perspective assumes the existence of a mind-body dichotomy, in which the bodies
that strategically bow down to the powerful are assumed to be autonomous, free-thinking
subjects unaffected by domination. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beasley-Murray’s
critique of hegemony, however, does not follow this path. His argument, in fact,
is hostile to utilitarian views of political action such as Sayer’s and to the type
of neat dualism between “public” and “hidden” transcripts proposed by Scott.
Even if he often flirts with the idea that people are, indeed, free and
conscious (as we shall see), Beasley-Murray is well aware that subaltern actors
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">are bodily, affectively, and subjectively
constituted by formations of power</i>. Unlike Sayer and Scott, and very much
like Gramsci, Beasley-Murray is interested in the problem of the creation of
political legitimacy or, in his words, the reproduction of “social order”: the
subjective constellations that make bodies <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">willingly</i>
rally behind a leader, a political cause, or a government. And this is, at
heart, what the Gramscian theory of hegemony is all about, even if we may
debate the role of discourse, the body, ideology, affect, the working class, or
the multitude in it. Beasley-Murray, tellingly, never questions that Peronism was
hegemonic in the Argentina of the late 1940s and early 1950s. What he takes
issue with are the attempts to explain this hegemony through rationalized,
transcendent concepts (ideology, representation, consciousness) that miss the
affective nature of this hegemony: the fact that millions of men and women
willingly supported President Perón and his wife Evita at an often hard-to-articulate,
affective, intuitive, yet powerful level. This is why Beasley-Murray proposes, if
against himself, an affective theory of hegemony.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beasley-Murray
may still object that the concept of hegemony is too full of representational baggage
to be redefined this way. But I think we still need a concept of this kind to articulate
this problem, which is one of the most fundamental in politics. The alternative
proposed by Beasley-Murray, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">post-</i>hegemony,
is still very close, a hyphen away, to the term he tries to conjure away. Why
not just skip the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">post</i> and rethink the
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">problem</i> of hegemony along more
affective, immanent, non-representational lines? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEL_6B7_lg29D_jLKiws2b7HftSwHcWpwWA5abTdZKfHsj9eBkW7U367CIaOkes6WYU5-JPmn-IKh6_DPITu56ofv1fmKtqVp9loK0ouRW-qtRGuZdOPE62Gwmu0CTVDufk-4mIFj0Vyo/s1600/Girls+Swoon+Hitler.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEL_6B7_lg29D_jLKiws2b7HftSwHcWpwWA5abTdZKfHsj9eBkW7U367CIaOkes6WYU5-JPmn-IKh6_DPITu56ofv1fmKtqVp9loK0ouRW-qtRGuZdOPE62Gwmu0CTVDufk-4mIFj0Vyo/s320/Girls+Swoon+Hitler.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
reason we still need a variation of the Gramscian idea of hegemony is that,
contra Sayer and Scott, throughout history ordinary people have on many
occasions willingly and enthusiastically <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supported</i>
the political conditions that kept them dominated. This is the same problem that
concerned Spinoza, who famously asked why people would fight for their
servitude as if they were fighting for their freedom </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite
ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Spinoza</Author><Year>2007
[1670]</Year><RecNum>1627</RecNum><Suffix>:6</Suffix><record><rec-number>1627</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN"
db-id="et5etsfemfxrzgeaz5fvsrw6vp5d5p0vtxv2">1627</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica"
size="12">Spinoza,
Baruch</style></author></authors><subsidiary-authors><author><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica" size="12">Silverthorne,
Michael</style></author><author><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica" size="12">Israel,
Jonathan</style></author></subsidiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica"
size="12">Theological-Political Treatise</style></title></titles><dates><year><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica" size="12">2007
[1670]</style></year></dates><pub-location><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica"
size="12">Cambridge</style></pub-location><publisher><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica"
size="12">Cambridge University
Press</style></publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(2007
[1670]:6)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Spinoza’s answer was that “men are led more by passion
than by reason” and that affects such as fear and hope can, indeed, make people
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">desire</i> the conditions that reproduce
their own domination </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Cite><Author>Spinoza</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>1628</RecNum><Suffix>:64</Suffix><record><rec-number>1628</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="et5etsfemfxrzgeaz5fvsrw6vp5d5p0vtxv2">1628</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica"
size="12">Spinoza,
Baruch</style></author></authors><subsidiary-authors><author><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica"
size="12">Shirley,
Samuel</style></author></subsidiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica"
size="12">Political
Treatise</style></title></titles><dates><year><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica" size="12">2000</style></year></dates><pub-location><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica" size="12">Indianapolis</style></pub-location><publisher><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica"
size="12">Hackett</style></publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Spinoza
2000:64)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Making explicit their debt to Spinoza, this was the question
that Deleuze and Guattari identified in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anti-Oedipus</i>
“as the most fundamental problem of political philosophy” and that they tackled
in their analysis of fascism. “No, the masses were not deceived, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">they desired fascism</i>, and this is what
has to be explained” </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Deleuze</Author><Year>1983
[1972]</Year><RecNum>1573</RecNum><Suffix>:29`, 257`,
my
emphasis</Suffix><record><rec-number>1573</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN"
db-id="et5etsfemfxrzgeaz5fvsrw6vp5d5p0vtxv2">1573</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Deleuze,
Gilles</author><author>Guattari,
Félix</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Anti-Oedipus:
Capitalism and
Schizophrenia</title></titles><dates><year>1983
[1972]</year></dates><pub-location>Minneapolis</pub-location><publisher>University
of Minnesota
Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Deleuze
and Guattari 1983 [1972]:29, 257, my emphasis)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">. In short, Spinoza and Deleuze and
Guattari anticipated the concerns articulated in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Posthegemony</i> about the affective dimensions of politics but without
downplaying the fact that affects fueled by fear can become hegemonic and
naturalized as common sense. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Paradoxically,
Beasley-Murray draws heavily on Spinoza and Deleuze to develop his argument yet,
at the same time, downplays their commitment to examining why social actors may
support the actors that oppress them. This positioning is clearly articulated
in the very first paragraph of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Posthegemony</i>,
where Beasley-Murray writes: “There is no hegemony and never has been. We live
in cynical, post-hegemonic times: nobody is very much persuaded by ideologies
that once seemed fundamental to securing social order. Everybody knows, for
instance, that work is exploitation and that politics is deceit” </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite
ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Beasley-Murray</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>1644</RecNum><Suffix>:ix</Suffix><record><rec-number>1644</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN"
db-id="et5etsfemfxrzgeaz5fvsrw6vp5d5p0vtxv2">1644</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica"
size="12">Beasley-Murray,
Jon</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica"
size="12">Posthegemony: Political Theory and Latin
America</style></title></titles><dates><year><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica"
size="12">2010</style></year></dates><pub-location><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica"
size="12">Milwakee</style></pub-location><publisher><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica"
size="12">University of Minnesota Press</style></publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(2010:ix)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Beasley-Murray mentions the last phrase
(“everybody knows…”) several times in the book. But what is it exactly that
people “know” and why would such an “awareness” undermine an affective view of
hegemony? Most people in North America, for instance, may know that they are
exploited in their alienating jobs and that politicians lie. But many of them
also believe that capitalism is the best way of organizing production and that
they are free subjects who live in democratic societies. In other words, people
may “know” that work is exploitation and politics is deceit but this cynical
awareness does not mean that they may not naturalize or support the status quo
and thereby contribute to the reproduction of hegemonic dispositions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIji_Cm1PMfvzN6ugfQB-RneCPJGH5Gc2ygLcuvxyGGTigoyDRxoHg9GdIyqOAODcG0Pc2RUir6jAXhEyEhdh11UsroCyPt23_mk9LFFeeBUd9RsP2zcMsdz7DGNb22BnjM80Kvj6A-I0/s1600/9-11-Never-Forget.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIji_Cm1PMfvzN6ugfQB-RneCPJGH5Gc2ygLcuvxyGGTigoyDRxoHg9GdIyqOAODcG0Pc2RUir6jAXhEyEhdh11UsroCyPt23_mk9LFFeeBUd9RsP2zcMsdz7DGNb22BnjM80Kvj6A-I0/s1600/9-11-Never-Forget.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Likewise,
the fact that “everybody knows that politics is deceit” did not prevent George W.
Bush from securing unparallel levels of political legitimacy and support in the
United States after the attacks of September 11, 2001. The narrative of the
“war on terror” amplified by a powerful media machine indeed became hegemonic, accepted
as common sense by millions of Americans. But this was a profoundly affective hegemony,
based on the memory of the attacks on 9/11 and the inculcation of fears modulated
by the media-state complex </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Cite><Author>Massumi</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>1625</RecNum><record><rec-number>1625</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN"
db-id="et5etsfemfxrzgeaz5fvsrw6vp5d5p0vtxv2">1625</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Journal
Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica"
size="12">Massumi,
Brian</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica" size="12">Fear
(The Spectrum Said)</style></title><secondary-title><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica"
size="12">Positions</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica"
size="12">31-48</style></pages><volume><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica"
size="12">13</style></volume><number><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica"
size="12">1</style></number><dates><year><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica"
size="12">2005</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Massumi
2005)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">. The affective, visceral power of this hegemony, in fact, explains
its political resilience, and the fact that the American Left failed to
undermine it through rational, factual discourses alone: for instance, by arguing
that Bin Laden had been supported by the CIA in the 1980s or that the terror
attacks were a response to US imperialism in the middle-East. This hegemonic
modulation of collective affects certainly lives on under Obama. The fact that
in the name of fighting “terrorism” Obama legalized the policy of assassination
of US citizens without due process and that this move enjoyed popular support
is a case in point. As Glenn Greenwald put it: “</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">From an authoritarian perspective, that’s
the genius of America’s political culture. It not only finds ways to
obliterate the most basic individual liberties designed to safeguard citizens
from consummate abuses of power (such as extinguishing the lives of citizens
without due process). It actually gets its citizens to stand up and clap
and even celebrate the destruction of those safeguards.” It
is precisely to account for attitudes such as this that the notion of hegemony
remains crucial.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">We
are therefore back at the problem that Spinoza, Deleuze and Guattari, and
Gramsci identified as constitutive of politics. The sections of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Posthegemony</i> that emphasize the “cynical
awareness” that allegedly defines mainstream subjectivities seem unable to
explain these willing, non-cynical forms of support for state power and
domination. Yet in other sections of the book, Beasley-Murray moves in a different
direction, acknowledging the forces that constrain people’s willingness to
support radical change and, therefore, the type of problems that made Gramsci
write about hegemony. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">One
of the most original contributions of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Posthegemony</i>
to an affective theory of hegemony is Beasley-Murray’s re-conceptualization of Bourdieu’s
notion of habit. And in contrast to other parts of the book, the sections on
habit reveal that Beasley-Murray is well aware that relations of power
constitute social subjects and that these subjects may <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">contribute</i> to reproducing their own domination over time. And he
turns to Bourdieu to try to explain this attitude, arguing that not-fully-conscious
forms of bodily habits (“affects at a standstill”) make people resist abrupt
changes. “Old habits die hard” (p. 178). This analysis is developed in the chapter
on Chile, in which Beasley-Murray examines how the transition from dictatorship
to democracy in the 1990s was notably measured and conservative in contrast to
other countries in Latin America, with the military (including the senator-for-life
Augusto Pinochet) retaining key positions of power. Beasley-Murray’s
examination of habitual forces in the reproduction of political legitimacy
provides us with an insightful and in fact fundamental theoretical tool to
examine affective hegemonies; but it also reveals something that Beasley-Murray
disavows: the labor of the negative. The Chilean case, in this regard, reveals
that the force of habits can, indeed, constrain
and <i>negate</i> the possibility of radical political change. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Affective
hegemonies, in this regard, not only produce subjectivities but also limit the
possibility of imagining alternative futures. Affirmative notions of hegemony,
in other words, also need to account for the negativity that is immanent to
politics and collective struggles. As Benjamin Noys </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite
ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Noys</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>1624</RecNum><record><rec-number>1624</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN"
db-id="et5etsfemfxrzgeaz5fvsrw6vp5d5p0vtxv2">1624</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica" size="12">Noys,
Benjamin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica" size="12">The
Persistance of the Negative: A Critique of Contemporary Continental
Philosophy</style></title></titles><dates><year><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica"
size="12">2010</style></year></dates><pub-location><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica"
size="12">Edinburgh</style></pub-location><publisher><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica"
size="12">Edinburgh University
Press</style></publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(2010)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> has argued, the recent popularity of
theories of affirmation in the humanities (of which <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Posthegemony</i> is a major expression) has led to an unfortunate
dismissal of notions of negativity that are fundamental to account for the
destructive-constraining power of capital and the state as well as for the
negation of the status quo by critical and potentially revolutionary action. An
affirmative theory of hegemony, in other words, should account for the
negativity of politics, not as abstract negation or as reactive force but as a
moment in the creative-disruptive generativity that is constitutive of fields
of confrontation </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Cite><Author>Coole</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>716</RecNum><Prefix>see
also </Prefix><record><rec-number>716</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="et5etsfemfxrzgeaz5fvsrw6vp5d5p0vtxv2">716</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Coole,
Diana</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Negativity
and Politics: Dionysus and Dialectics from Kant to
Post-structuralism</title></titles><keywords><keyword>Negativity</keyword><keyword>Politics</keyword><keyword>Philosophy</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year></dates><pub-location>London</pub-location><publisher>Routledge</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(see also
Coole 2000)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUpKN02MuYaUtvuXcruRAcwERBYyhtQuIhyphenhyphenUxRTEJXPOqCE_H29LvuS9CIwo9Q6ArooD_IjzLk-6dhIxEoN5-qydjivEnbWGjAif9VNCWg0r22pYERyP0pDpYBvo2fMgvpyAjRWH40QyY/s1600/Peron_Juan-Evita_BIG-FLIP.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUpKN02MuYaUtvuXcruRAcwERBYyhtQuIhyphenhyphenUxRTEJXPOqCE_H29LvuS9CIwo9Q6ArooD_IjzLk-6dhIxEoN5-qydjivEnbWGjAif9VNCWg0r22pYERyP0pDpYBvo2fMgvpyAjRWH40QyY/s1600/Peron_Juan-Evita_BIG-FLIP.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">And
the same way that an affective theory of hegemony needs to avoid a dualism
between affirmation and negation, it also requires overcoming a rigid
counterpoint between affect and consciously articulated discourses. While <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Posthegemony</i> puts forth a compelling,
persuasive argument about the political power of affects, it often seems to
suggest that the latter are divorced from discourse, representation, and conscious
forms of ideology. In one of the many moments in which Beasley-Murray presents
this dichotomy, for instance, he writes, “Peronism shows that populist politics
are structured by habit, rather than belief” (2010: 63). But why should habit
exclude belief? The history of Peronism in Argentina, in fact, reveals that the
two dimensions have been entangled, and that for millions of men and women
their conscious endorsement of Peronist social reforms and ideological slogans
(i.e. their “belief” in particular narratives about the nation, the state, and
“the people”) was inseparable from their affective, visceral, intuitive, habitual
support for Perón’s and Evita’s legacy. While notions of ideology as false
consciousness or utilitarian manipulation are certainly too crude, “ideology”
is still a heuristically important concept to examine the legitimizing power of
certain conceptual and affective formations. Another example is the narrative
on “the war on terror” in the United States, which while engaging the public at
affective, not-fully-conscious levels has ideological dimensions linked to the
legitimization of imperial violence overseas and of increasing surveillance at
home. In short, the power of an affective notion of hegemony lies precisely in
its capacity to examine how affect, habit, and ideological narratives come
together to legitimize and naturalize particular relations of power. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">There
is much more that could be said about <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Posthegemony</i>,
a book that in its conceptual, political, and historical breadth defies
summary. But there is no doubt that Beasley-Murray has written a groundbreaking
book that will survive academic fashions and shape debates in years to come,
for it persuasively and originally challenges us to re-think older paradigms
through a new conceptual lens. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Posthegemony</i>,
this exercise in critical thinking is not just a theoretical gesture but a bold
call to reinvent radical politics through an affective and immanent examination,
despite the book’s declared goals, of the ongoing political salience of
Gramsci’s explorations of “hegemony.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">References<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>ADDIN EN.REFLIST <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Beasley-Murray,
Jon <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"> 2010. <i>Posthegemony: Political Theory and Latin
America</i>. Milwakee: University of Minnesota Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Coole, Diana</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"> 2000. <i>Negativity and Politics: Dionysus and
Dialectics from Kant to Post-structuralism</i>. London: Routledge.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Deleuze, Gilles and Félix Guattari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"> 1983 [1972]. <i>Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia</i>.
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Gramsci, Antonio</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"> 1971 [1929-35]. <i>Selection from the Prison Notebooks</i>. New
York:: International Publishers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Massumi, Brian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"> 2005. "Fear (The
Spectrum Said)". <i>Positions</i>. 13: 31-48.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Mitchell, Timothy</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"> 1990. "Everyday
Metaphors of Power". <i>Theory and Society</i>. 19: 545-577.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Noys, Benjamin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"> 2010. <i>The Persistance of the Negative: A Critique
of Contemporary Continental Philosophy</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University
Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Sayer, Derek</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"> 1994. "Everyday
Forms of State Formation: Some Dissident Remarks on "Hegemony"".
In <i>Everyday Forms of State Formation:
Revolution and the Negotiation of Rule in Modern Mexico</i>, Joseph Gilbert and
Daniel Nugent, ed. Pp. 367-377. Durham: Duke University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Scott, James</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"> 1990. <i>Domination and the Arts of Resistance:
Hidden Transcripts</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Spinoza, Baruch</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"> 2000. <i>Political Treatise</i>. Indianapolis: Hackett.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"> 2007 [1670]. <i>Theological-Political Treatise</i>.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Gastón Gordillohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524310935707885766noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4465950730953186851.post-3758195705598017322013-10-23T10:43:00.002-07:002013-10-23T11:58:36.130-07:00Los campos de la desolación<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-6NHFZWn4jNj7zlG91zvtawxYqrmsY9pHJPiqLuCuDPKNAlLjIx_9-2JotOyGugIsLN94Rh7Om8nsF_nRwWGXJy3xbMMQIKyXyiGA9Dn15JR2OUZBnkBKiOpRIASFXvpIrmj42cZO-yc/s1600/soja+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-6NHFZWn4jNj7zlG91zvtawxYqrmsY9pHJPiqLuCuDPKNAlLjIx_9-2JotOyGugIsLN94Rh7Om8nsF_nRwWGXJy3xbMMQIKyXyiGA9Dn15JR2OUZBnkBKiOpRIASFXvpIrmj42cZO-yc/s320/soja+6.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span lang="ES-TRAD"><br />El
sudeste de la provincia de Salta en torno a Las Lajitas es el epicentro del
boom sojero en el norte argentino y el escenario de una de las más dramáticas
transformaciones espaciales que se han dado en las últimas décadas en el Cono
Sur. El pueblo está rodeado de vastos campos similares a los de la llanura
pampeana y trabajados por maquinarias agrícolas de última generación, muchas de
ellas automatizadas. Las camionetas doble cabina último modelo son una
presencia recurrente en las rutas y estaciones de servicio. Los enormes silos
manejados por Bunge, Olmedo Agropecuaria o Noble Argentina en Las Lajitas y
Piquete Cabado son las estructuras más grandes de toda la región y la
materialización del modelo de agricultura industrial que ha colonizado su
espacio. Para los apologistas de la soja en la zona, la mayoría de ellos
venidos “del sur” (Rosario, Buenos Aires), éste es el tipo de espacio que
define al desarrollo y al progreso.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuvjlFgo-s5pijA7LTO_d6AxXzitNGIUSa1CD1IOoVQZgKbQGvSuYNaI7PEFwdycLVBk9glFx9Q_NwS5vBm0c5u85H8lu5a7QCUnQhihsPIyBxbrEArOM7n2dXVwi9XTtRzCuHwXsK10E/s1600/soja+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuvjlFgo-s5pijA7LTO_d6AxXzitNGIUSa1CD1IOoVQZgKbQGvSuYNaI7PEFwdycLVBk9glFx9Q_NwS5vBm0c5u85H8lu5a7QCUnQhihsPIyBxbrEArOM7n2dXVwi9XTtRzCuHwXsK10E/s320/soja+4.jpg" width="320" /></a><span lang="ES-TRAD"> Pero
éste es un paisaje que esconde los escombros de una geografía destruida a
fuerza de desalojos, topadoras y quemazones. La gente criolla que ha vivido en la
región por generaciones en base a una ganadería de monte conoce mejor que nadie
el proceso de expropiación y devastación que creó a esos campos. Si bien los
desmontes alrededor de Las Lajitas comenzaron en la década de 1970, se
intensificaron con la introducción de la soja transgénica de Monsanto en 1996 y
sobre todo con la devaluación de 2002, que creó condiciones favorables para la
exportación de soja. La aceleración de los desmontes por topadoras que
trituraban millones de árboles a los que luego se les prendía fuego hizo que el
umbral al Chaco salteño pareciera por momentos, como recordaba un amigo activista,
“una zona de guerra”. Columnas de humo se elevaban en varios lugares en el
horizonte, marcando que la creación de campos de soja requería la reducción a
cenizas de los densos montes que cubrían la región, de sus abigarradas formas
de vida animal y vegetal, y de los hogares y corrales de familias criollas que
había definido a esta región como uno de los bastiones de la “cultura gaucha”
de Salta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD"> Hace
unos días, me reencontré en Joaquín V. González, al sur de Las Lajitas, con una
familia con la que entablé amistad en mis previas visitas a la región, gente criolla
que se crió cuidando ganado en el monte. Estábamos hablando sobre los campos
que hoy dominan el paisaje entre González y Las Lajitas y Juan, un hombre de 35
años, me dijo: “Es todo campo. Es una desolación”. La contundencia de su descripción
de lo que para él significan esos campos me impresionó. Poco después, mencioné nuestra
visita, años atrás, a un lugar conocido como “Los Indiecitos” y que los
criollos de la zona veneraban como fuente de poderes milagrosos, en una zona
entonces resguardada de desmontes. El lugar consistía en dos tumbas muy modestas,
donde descansaban los restos de niños indígenas muertos en un pasado distante,
ubicadas en un pequeño monte donde la gente dejaba ofrendas de velas y botellas
de agua para pedirles milagros. Cuando mencioné a “Los Indiecitos”, la madre de
Juan, que estaba con nosotros, suspiró un “uh” que sonó como un lamento. “Ya no
queda nada”, me dijo con un dejo de tristeza mientras sacudía la cabeza. “Han
desmontado todo”. Las topadoras habían arrasado con las tumbas al igual que lo
han hecho con pequeños cementerios rurales cuyos escombros de huesos son hoy parte
de los campos de soja. Los desmontes, en otras palabras, han destruido además
de bosques y hogares una infinidad de otros lugares cargados de afectos y significados.
El padre de Juan agregó, indignado: “Los desmontes van a dejar un desierto”.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span>“El
desierto” ha sido uno de los tópicos favoritos de las elites argentinas desde
Sarmiento, que han repetido hasta el cansancio que su objetivo ha sido colonizar
y modernizar “el desierto” del Chaco y la Patagonia. A principios del siglo
XXI, el desierto a conquistar por los agronegocios es el de los últimos lugares
criollos e indígenas del Chaco argentino. A los empresarios que hacen fortunas
con la soja les gusta repetir que ellos han traído desarrollo donde antes “no
había nada”: la “nada” de bosques rebosantes de vida vegetal y animal y de
formas subalternas de vida colectiva que no registran como valiosas en la
sensibilidad burguesa, que ve al espacio como algo abstracto, cuantificable y
apropiable. La gente criolla del sudeste de Salta revierte estos imaginarios de
clase para resaltar que “la conquista del desierto” hecha en nombre de la soja ha
creado un nuevo tipo de desierto. Y este “desierto” es más que una alegoría de
la desolación social creada por los desmontes. En días de viento, el cielo de
la zona sojera salteña se tiñe de un tono marrón, el resultado de las miles de
toneladas de tierra barridas y esparcidas por el viento. Los trastornos respiratorios
y las alergias son hoy en día parte de la vida cotidiana en la región. La gente
concuerda que estas polvaredas y los fuertes vientos no existían cuando la zona
estaba cubierta de monte. En General Pizarro al norte de Las Lajitas, donde los
desmontes masivos han sido más recientes, las calles están permanente cubiertas
de una arenilla rojiza que crea la sensación de que el pueblo está rodeado, efectivamente, de
un desierto.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD"> La
desolación de los campos de soja se expresa también en el tipo de vida que crece
en su seno. Un rasgo definitorio de los agronegocios es que su alta
mecanización requiere muy poca mano de obra. El manejar por la ruta provincial 5
al norte y al sur de Las Lajitas es encontrarse con campos que se sienten
socialmente vacíos, pues en ellos vive muy poca gente y casi no hay viviendas. Estos
campos son regularmente rociados del veneno fabricado por Monsanto para matar
cualquier tipo de forma viviente que atente contra el crecimiento de las plantas
de soja, modificadas genéticamente por Monsanto para resistir sus herbicidas
y pesticidas. Los agronegocios son por ello un proyecto de
administración geográfica que buscan limitar a través de la saturación química del
espacio que lo único que crezca en vastas extensiones sea una sola forma de vida: en este caso, la soja patentada por Monsanto. Al igual que
en el resto de la Argentina sojera, en la zona se escuchan historias, en
general contadas en voz baja, sobre el aumento de casos de cáncer, sobre personas
fumigadas por aviones “como si fueran moscas” y de la “deriva” del veneno hacia
los pueblos debido a los vientos. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD"> En
los comedores de las estaciones de servicio de la región, muchas veces almuerzo
o tomo un café al lado de mesas llenas de hombres que se acaban de bajar de camionetas
doble cabina. La mayoría tiene acento rosarino o porteño; por lo general no
hablan de otra cosa, entre ellos o en sus teléfonos celulares, que de las
vicisitudes del cultivo y el mercado de la soja. En Las Lajitas he conversado con
varios de ellos. Si hay algo que los define es su indiferencia por esos
paisajes desolados donde para ellos antes no había nada.</span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Gastón Gordillohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524310935707885766noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4465950730953186851.post-55646157438706024112013-10-11T21:13:00.000-07:002013-10-13T07:13:36.836-07:00El Tranquerazo y la defensa de los bienes comunes<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJR1uzbpHNVUaE_nMeyrnfycUVFGFDkz7198DEAmYZJILpII-Em3RjksUSOkA8vkaVk08EyQSroyOyS05KP0TnyVFxFdNhjrsYcUskfhG3PR6IHn3EnMqZDA9O2rK_X0lya8Ibx6EiE6Y/s1600/tranquerazo+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJR1uzbpHNVUaE_nMeyrnfycUVFGFDkz7198DEAmYZJILpII-Em3RjksUSOkA8vkaVk08EyQSroyOyS05KP0TnyVFxFdNhjrsYcUskfhG3PR6IHn3EnMqZDA9O2rK_X0lya8Ibx6EiE6Y/s320/tranquerazo+3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD"> Hoy participé junto con unas 300 otras personas de una protesta contra
la instalación de una fábrica de nitrato de amonio en el sudeste de Salta, entre las localidades de El Galpón y El
Tunal, en la zona en donde las últimas colinas de los Andes se deslizan hacia
la llanura del Gran Chaco. La marcha comenzó en la plaza de El Galpón y después
generó una caravana en la ruta 16 hacia la carpa que los vecinos instalaron hace varios meses para bloquear el acceso al
predio donde la <a href="http://www.austinpowder.com/default.htm">Austin Powder</a> (basada en Ohio, Estados Unidos) planea construir la fábrica. El
bloqueo a la tranquera hizo que este
movimiento sea conocido como “El Tranquerazo,” organizado a pulmón por vecinos
que se han organizado desde 2012 como Vecinos Autoconvocados del Río Juramento. H</span>oy el bloqueo ha sido levantado por una orden judicial, pero la carpa junto a la tranquera continúa. Hoy tuve
el gran gusto de conocer a muchos de los protagonistas de este movimiento, y de reencontrarme con amigos de El
Galpón que conocí en años previos, cuando hice el trabajo de campo para el
libro <a href="http://spaceandpolitics.blogspot.com.ar/2013/08/rubble-in-300-words.html">Rubble</a>.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkHm4tzLCXvbPHeXR1iQ_2PAcKVHbxgGcO_9_JP3GnJG2tPDQhXMZndFnhnq0cJHJAjJRzM8_Ou3iNdK56tHT8P4xuo7kCyaMmJYqm0RLC0Jnb42t1vWd6jrb9IQnghhJEBIyXwCRerHU/s1600/tranquerazo+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkHm4tzLCXvbPHeXR1iQ_2PAcKVHbxgGcO_9_JP3GnJG2tPDQhXMZndFnhnq0cJHJAjJRzM8_Ou3iNdK56tHT8P4xuo7kCyaMmJYqm0RLC0Jnb42t1vWd6jrb9IQnghhJEBIyXwCRerHU/s320/tranquerazo+4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD"> Este
conflicto es un microcosmos del modelo extractivista que se ha impuesto en la
geografía argentina. La fábrica busca enviar, hacia el oeste, explosivos para
las minas a cielo abierto que destruyen montañas y contaminan ríos en los Andes
y, hacia el este, fertilizantes para los agronegocios que han devastado
centenares de miles de hectáreas de bosques alrededor de Las Lajitas y Joaquín
V. González. Y el gasoducto de Anta que pasa por la zona la proveerá de la
principal materia primera para hacer nitrario de amonio (el gas natural). La
instalación de este nodo químico-industrial al servicio de prácticas altamente
destructivas del espacio generará, inevitablemente, la contaminación de la cuenca
del río Juramento. Esta es la principal preocupación que ha guiado a las
protestas, que han enfrentado a los vecinos con la municipalidad de El Galpón, el
gobierno salteño y el modelo fomentado por el gobierno nacional. Lo que se
suele trivializar como “ambientalismo” es, en este y otros casos, una protesta
contra la destrucción del espacio.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO7UQ396QhjaR_V4iZOgkq1b7GoXOhvv2SyJtGa6j_eg8Vcz6Nhxgz78RBzWlfoBPd5lAiHhEyoUarerm6b1oIMNLYsUvjPoqMRqkB5MuPBBNJ4l00vDpDsa9S2uY1GDywMw7MzNubLa8/s1600/tranquerazo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO7UQ396QhjaR_V4iZOgkq1b7GoXOhvv2SyJtGa6j_eg8Vcz6Nhxgz78RBzWlfoBPd5lAiHhEyoUarerm6b1oIMNLYsUvjPoqMRqkB5MuPBBNJ4l00vDpDsa9S2uY1GDywMw7MzNubLa8/s320/tranquerazo.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD"> La
protesta en el Tranquerazo contó con la presencia de dirigentes de la CTA de
Salta, Jujuy y Tucumán, que se refirieron a las múltiples protestas que la CTA
organizó también hoy en otros lugares del país donde se lucha contra las
mineras y los agronegocios. Y varios de ellos enfatizaron que lo que unen a
estas luchas es la defensa de “los bienes comunes”. Este es un viejo concepto
que está ganando fuerza y que autores como Hardt y Negri rescatan como una
forma de escapar a la dicotomía entre propiedad privada y estatal, pues los
bienes comunes son aquellos espacios y recursos que son de todos y no son de
nadie. Y son justamente esos bienes comunes los que están siendo sometidos a un
creciente proceso de privatización y degradación ante el avance de las mineras, los agronegocios, y las empresas como Austin Powder que fabrican suministros básicos para ambos. El Tranquerazo, al igual que las protestas contra la planta de Monsanto en Córdoba, es la irrupción de la política en su más pura expresión: como la aparición de algo colectivo que no existía y que interrumpe localmente, en este caso, el ritmo de una maquinaria transnacional de reconfiguración geográfica.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Gastón Gordillohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524310935707885766noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4465950730953186851.post-4111783339918586602013-08-27T10:47:00.000-07:002013-09-12T22:02:48.341-07:00Rubble (in 300 Words)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<i>This is the blurb I just sent to Duke University Press for
the back cover of </i>Rubble: The Afterlife of Destruction<i> (I
posted a longer summary of the book <a href="http://spaceandpolitics.blogspot.com/2012/09/rubble-afterlife-of-destruction.html"><span style="color: #0025e5; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">here</span></a></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">, </span></i><i>but
this is a much more succinct version).</i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiunl4plSKz6J6LjVjJfW6XOcoxekRKCJnahiozVqsw5DKFvl94VZ3z_ntGYLP7GpyU1eUNB5l-GyuyobkYsDZc3QlsLYVHKEHU6iXjuWAd2ssdEVc6lyPkBSq7QIF6W6lA8FIlEixONSs/s1600/25576e_desmontes-campo-arrasado-por-el-fuego-gral-pizarro-salta.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="91" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiunl4plSKz6J6LjVjJfW6XOcoxekRKCJnahiozVqsw5DKFvl94VZ3z_ntGYLP7GpyU1eUNB5l-GyuyobkYsDZc3QlsLYVHKEHU6iXjuWAd2ssdEVc6lyPkBSq7QIF6W6lA8FIlEixONSs/s320/25576e_desmontes-campo-arrasado-por-el-fuego-gral-pizarro-salta.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
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At the foot of the Argentine Andes, bulldozers are destroying
forests and homes to create soy fields in a geography already strewn with rubble
from previous waves of destruction and violence. Based on extensive fieldwork
in the region where the Gran Chaco lowlands meet the mountains, this book proposes
to examine space through the rubble that is part of its materiality. <i>Rubble</i> seeks to rethink the very idea of
“ruins” by asking: Can the spatial, historical, and affective ruptures congealed in the debris
scattered all over the world help us look at space differently? The book
explores this question by leading the reader on a journey through lost
cities from the seventeenth century, derelict train stations, overgrown Jesuit
missions and Spanish forts, steamships stranded in forests, mass graves, abandoned
towns, razed forests, and bulldozed ruins, as they are entangled with each
other and with the towns, cattle ranches, farms, and annual collective events that
exist around them. For the rural poor, these palimpsests of debris evoke —rather
than dead relics from a distant past— the latent and ongoing presence in the living
geographies of the present of the processes of violence that created them. The book shows that
this experience is at odds with, and often challenges, the fetishized views of
ruins embraced by the regional and scholarly elites. The subaltern experience
of the people who live in areas disrupted by agribusiness reveals that the modernist,
elite infatuation with ruins is based upon the disregard for the rubble generated
by capitalist and imperial forms of destruction. Drawing from anthropology,
history, geography, philosophy and the exploration of constellations of debris from
multiple eras on the scarred edges of the Gran Chaco, this ethnography brings
to light the salience of a spatial, conceptual, and political analysis of rubble. </div>
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<!--EndFragment-->Gastón Gordillohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524310935707885766noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4465950730953186851.post-30583876276440283312013-07-11T10:03:00.000-07:002013-07-11T10:03:54.786-07:00The All-Seeing God<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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The NSA is so enthralled with its technological prowess that
it’s seeking to create what in the Judeo-Christian tradition is the exclusive
prerogative of God: having total awareness of what happens on every single
corner of the planet. The Bush administration made this goal transparent when
it named its program of generalized electronic surveillance “<a href="http://tv.msnbc.com/2013/07/02/before-prism-there-was-total-information-awareness/">Total Information Awareness</a>” and represented it with a God-like Eye submitting the totality of
the Earth to its visual capture. The name may have been dropped in 2003, but Obama's <a href="http://spaceandpolitics.blogspot.ca/2013/06/the-imperial-presidency_15.html">imperial presidency</a> has only radicalized this effort to create the all-seeing God described in the Old Testament. “Nothing in all
creation is hidden from God’s sight” (Hebrews 4:13). Edward Snowden has shown that
the goal of the imperial Eye is, indeed, that <i>nothing</i> is hidden from its
sight. NSA officials, <a href="http://cryptome.org/2013/07/snowden-spiegel-13-0707-en.htm">in his words</a>, “are convinced that not knowing <i>everything</i> <i>about</i> <i>everyone</i> could lead
to some existential crisis.” This zeal “to know everything about everyone” seeks total awareness of spatialized
information: that is, of who is doing what <i>where</i>. Total spatial awareness is the primary goal of the Orwellian
state, for in <i>1984 </i>the state
apparatus observed the novel’s main character even in those seemingly private places (a corner in his home, the room where he met his lover, a forested area in rural England) that he thought were beyond the reach of cameras, sensors, and microphones.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjihxo7v2c9QqGNPWdQ0L9dvW-SutbCg4EqFMZnLhiZijFtZ3d2MVMNoeYUnPNpdlkp2OUaoYkQyFfbAG8WeEH7AaVeJpw0Obppx3A6j1pglxtCgF5MNthUSrp2cfK832fJgxcODjLFbBI/s1600/light-of-god.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjihxo7v2c9QqGNPWdQ0L9dvW-SutbCg4EqFMZnLhiZijFtZ3d2MVMNoeYUnPNpdlkp2OUaoYkQyFfbAG8WeEH7AaVeJpw0Obppx3A6j1pglxtCgF5MNthUSrp2cfK832fJgxcODjLFbBI/s200/light-of-god.jpg" width="200" /></a> While imperial dispositions have long been defined by fantasies of omnipotence, we are witnessing the rise of a historically-novel imperial hubris defined by a techno-theological fetishism. This imperial sense of all-powerfulness is cultivated by the undoubtedly impressive spatial reach of satellite surveillance, online
spying, and assassinations by drones or death squads. What Donna Haraway called playing God’s trick, the assumption
that it's possible to have a disembodied vision “from anywhere and
everywhere equally,” is an imperial disposition guided by the zeal to create a technocratic, heavily militarized, human-made God. As a drone operator cited by Derek
Gregory admitted, “Sometimes I felt like a God hurling thunderbolts from afar” (<a href="https://geographicalimaginations.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/gregory-from-a-view-to-a-kill-tcs.pdf">From a View to Kill</a>, p. 192). US troops in Afghanistan, likewise, are often dazzled
by the God-like aura of the laser targeting markup used by drones. “When the
troops put their night vision goggles they will just see this light that looks
like it’s coming from heaven. It’s quite beautiful.” The soldiers call it <i>The
Light of God</i> (see the notable short-film <i><a href="http://vimeo.com/34050994">Five Thousand Feet is the Best</a></i>). Not surprisingly, a recent article on <a href="http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2013/06/general-keith-alexander-cyberwar/">Wired</a>
calls General Keith Alexander, the chief of the NSA, <i>The God of War</i>.</div>
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The
idea of “total information awareness” draws from an old, and earthly, military concept: “situational awareness.” Situational awareness in combat depends on two
basic principles: the <i>identification</i> and <i>location </i>of the actors fighting on a battlefield. Situational awareness is awareness of the
<a href="http://spaceandpolitics.blogspot.ca/2013/06/opaque-zones-of-empire_25.html">terrain</a> and of its vectors of mobility: of where the forces identified as “hostiles”
and “friendlies” are located and awareness of the three-dimentional forms and volumes (hills, buildings,
walls) that shape their mobility and field of vision. The NSA seeks to create situational awareness at a
planetary scale. Its complex algorithms have a simple
goal: to identify and locate<i> "</i>threats<i>"</i> so that they can be neutralized and eventually destroyed. As Jeremy Scahill shows in his book <a href="http://dirtywars.org/the-book">Dirty Wars</a>, the death squads and drones commanded from the White House are guided by
the “find, fix, finish” principle, which Grégoire Chamayou has analyzed as <a href="http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/commentary/the-manhunt-doctrine">the manhunt doctrine</a>. And finding elusive preys demands, indeed, spatial awareness.<br />
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But
<i>total</i> spatial awareness is, needless to say, a utopian and unreachable goal. As
I argued in my previous post (<a href="http://spaceandpolitics.blogspot.ca/2013/06/opaque-zones-of-empire_25.html">Opaque Zones of Empire</a>), the planetary
surveillance machine is haunted by what it <i>cannot</i>
see, or cannot see clearly, because of the immanent multiplicity, immensity,
and non-representational nature of the planetary terrain. But there is
something else that the techno-theological ideology of “total spatial
awareness” cannot see: politics as the realm of sheer contingency and unpredictable interruptions and ruptures. The militarized
fetishization of hyper-visibility is, ironically, <i>blind</i>
to politics. Its techno-theological lens assumes that political control is a
technocratic maneuver. The planetary panopticon is undeniably very effective in
finding and finishing off people labeled “terrorists” all over the world, most
of them unarmed men, women, and children (as Scahill shows). But this killing machine only
creates the forces it seeks to destroy by generating anti-imperial rage and new waves of blowback.
As Nick Turse argues in <i>The Changing Face of Empire</i>, the “special forces” that
the media portrays as made up of super-human, unbeatable soldiers are <i>very
ineffective</i> at defeating the poorly-armed insurgencies that continue controlling
much of Afghanistan, Yemen, or Somalia (see Ian Shaw's reviews of Scahill's and Turse's books <a href="http://understandingempire.wordpress.com/2013/06/14/dirty-wars-a-review-part-2-the-rise-of-jsoc/">here</a> and <a href="https://understandingempire.wordpress.com/2013/07/03/the-changing-face-of-empire/">here</a> on his blog <i>Understanding Empire</i>). </div>
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Spinoza famously argued that God is an
infinite substance devoid of will that is indifferent to our presence. He argued, in other words, that God is <i>devoid</i> of total spatial awareness. For this reason, he was expelled from the Jewish community of Amsterdam and condemned by the Vatican. Furthermore, Spinoza argued that the idea of an all-seeing,
judgmental God (“hurling thunderbolts from afar” like drone operators) seeks to
inculcate <i>obedience</i>. This is clear in the lines of the Old Testament that argue
that nothing escapes God’s sight: “Everything is uncovered and laid bare before
the eyes of Him <i>to whom we must give account</i>” (Hebrews 4:13).<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDFf1J-TgGwWwTNgIDf0aEjW7xFt6dC8Ar6xXkXFm3PAJLesBWu7bIlvciOYACtTgupZaFpIsmnTPH5mkFvzwRoQGKtzYQJ_spJOS12YBMeZQvknjS5ODaDR1ewCFk2d72XhBbIEdCB9Y/s1600/snowden.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; display: inline !important; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDFf1J-TgGwWwTNgIDf0aEjW7xFt6dC8Ar6xXkXFm3PAJLesBWu7bIlvciOYACtTgupZaFpIsmnTPH5mkFvzwRoQGKtzYQJ_spJOS12YBMeZQvknjS5ODaDR1ewCFk2d72XhBbIEdCB9Y/s320/snowden.jpg" width="320" /></a> In the early 21<sup>st</sup> century, the Eye “to whom we must give
account” is not a transcendental, infinite, and disembodied force; it is, rather, an immanent, material, finite network made up of hundreds of thousands of nodes grounded in actual
computers run by breathing human beings based, for instance, in hyper-militarized places such
as the NSA centers in <a href="http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2013/06/general-keith-alexander-cyberwar/"><span style="color: #0025e5;">Maryland</span></a> or <a href="http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/03/ff_nsadatacenter/"><span style="color: #0025e5;">Utah</span></a>. And the fact that, as Snowden put it,
the NSA fears that <i>not</i> knowing “everything about everybody” could lead
to <i>an existential crisis</i> tells us that the planetary panopticon embodies, ironically, the affective disposition of <i>a fearful God</i>: fearful of the void that will always-already escape His
prying eyes. The most damning “existential crises” that the imperial panopticom has faced were created, ironically, by its incapacity to see and
control two seemingly insignificant human appendices to its own surveillance
apparatus, Bradley Manning and Edward Snowden. By the mere act of disobeying and<i> </i>revealing<i> </i>from within the secrets and crimes of the imperial machinery, they confirm that God-like pretensions are built upon contingent, earthly, finite, perishable elements. And Manning's and Snowden's all-too human disobedience is a gesture of subtraction and freedom that reminds us of another biblical theme: that the all-seeing God of the Old Testament felt nothing but contempt for those humans who fantasize about playing God on earth. <br />
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<!--EndFragment-->Gastón Gordillohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524310935707885766noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4465950730953186851.post-56465533371527963862013-06-25T16:29:00.001-07:002013-07-11T10:04:56.454-07:00Opaque Zones of Empire<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<i>The fact that NSA-whistleblower Edward Snowden was able to leave Hong Kong despite the planetary surveillance apparatus devoted to capturing him confronts us with the problem I explore in this essay: those opaque spaces that the panoptic regime </i>cannot<i> see (or see clearly) because of the textured, volumetric, non-representational multiplicity of the global terrain. I presented this paper, </i>Opaque Zones of Empire: Notes Toward a Theory of Terrain, <i>at the Association of American Geographers Meetings in Los Angeles back in April, at the panel “Space and Violence,” organized by Philippe Le Billon and Simon Springer. This is my first serious attempt to begin theorizing the concept of </i>terrain<i>, drawing from ideas previously </i><i>posted </i><i><a href="http://spaceandpolitics.blogspot.ca/2012/08/the-terrain-as-medium-of-violence.html">here</a> and <a href="http://spaceandpolitics.blogspot.ca/2011/04/on-imperial-edge-of-void.html">here</a> (and also <a href="http://spaceandpolitics.blogspot.ca/2011/11/occupy-wall-street-as-node-of-resonance_14.html">here</a> in relation to the spatiality of the Occupy movement). This is a draft of a longer article in progress.</i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3Q-znepuBIUkVE29mh9JQ3AUKPZfdlmN0qt1hOZjID90djqyEGXjTW63ToXbBUnDOiiaj5LKbwUom8YzXBfLRL-3GlL_ivCYpjVZyQs99CfKGndmggBJ_fGBDsv1AawXbZGmETdpS8b8/s1600/empire.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3Q-znepuBIUkVE29mh9JQ3AUKPZfdlmN0qt1hOZjID90djqyEGXjTW63ToXbBUnDOiiaj5LKbwUom8YzXBfLRL-3GlL_ivCYpjVZyQs99CfKGndmggBJ_fGBDsv1AawXbZGmETdpS8b8/s200/empire.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="130" /></a>The argument by Hardt and Negri that Empire is a globalized system of sovereignty in which “there is no outside” is non-metaphorically evoked in the cover of their book <i>Empire</i>, which is illustrated with a photo of the planet viewed from outer space. In this essay, I examine the idea of a planetary totality (which I explored in my previous post on <i><a href="http://spaceandpolitics.blogspot.ca/2013/06/the-imperial-presidency_15.html">The Imperial Presidency</a></i>) not as a spatial endpoint but, rather, as a threshold that allows us to look at the outsides of a world without outside: that is, at those spaces that are politically <i>within</i> Empire yet, at the same time, <i>beyond</i> its reach. I propose a negative route to examining the panoptic regime of hyper-visibility by focusing not on the prying cameras of drones and satellites but on the rugged topographies they permanently scrutinize; not on what the panoptic regime <i>sees</i> but on what it <i>cannot </i>see, or what it cannot see <i>clearly</i>. This requires folding Hardt and Negri’s claims about an Empire without an outside to reveal the void that haunts this totality from within: the opaque zones of Empire. This opacity erodes visual capture due to multiple territorial obstacles but also because this opacity is constitutive of the non-representational multiplicity of space in its immanence, which is the lens I propose to use to analyze the concept of terrain. </div>
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My view of terrain draws from the growing body of scholarship that, as Stuart Elden has recently argued, has moved away from a view of space as a two-dimensional, flat <i>area</i> and toward a perspective that conceives of space as a three-dimensional configuration defined by <i>volume </i>(see the video of Elden's "Secure the Volume" presentation <a href="http://progressivegeographies.com/2012/04/17/secure-the-volume-kentucky-video/">here</a>)<i>. </i>Studies on the spatiality of violence and in particular aerial warfare and verticality have played a leading role in this conceptual transition, led by the groundbreaking work of Paul Virilio, Peter Sloterdijk, Derek Gregory, and Eyal Weizman, among others. In this essay, I argue that this conceptual shift from area to volume should be explored even further and from an object-oriented perspective, or, more precisely, an object-oriented negativity. But this sensibility to the materiality of the countless objects that populate the spatial texture of the planet demands new conceptual tools to account for the volumetric physicality of space and for the ways in which its forms, folds, and multiplicity preclude vision and the deployment of violence. I believe that the concept of terrain is key to this theoretical shift because this is the <i>only</i> term that indicates that, indeed, space is made up of forms, folds, textures, depths, and volumes. Not surprisingly, this is the term, “terrain,” that drone operators use to name the opaque spaces they scrutinize from above. In what follows, I examine terrain as a conceptual (rather than descriptive) category in relation to violence, vision, and ontologies of multiplicity, and as the gateway toward an immanent ontology of space.<br />
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The existence of a sophisticated machinery of vision that is permanently scanning the surface and infrastructure of the planet has cultivated among officials fantasies of a God-like transcendence able to submit the globe to an all-seeing Eye that seeks “total information awareness.” But research on the drone wars reveals that this panopticon is often overwhelmed by the densely-layered spatial immensity it seeks to visualize. Derek Gregory has shown that the visual information recorded by the drones scanning the mountains of Afghanistan and Pakistan is so vast that their sensors are permanently “drowning in data” ("<a href="http://geographicalimaginations.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/gregory-from-a-view-to-a-kill-tcs.pdf">From a View to Kill</a>" p. 194). The regime of hyper-visibility, in this regard, is permanently confronted with the problem of how to analyze and interpret the textured density of the terrain. The gaze guiding the drones, Gregory shows, follows a binary logic that seeks to distinguish “normal” from “abnormal activity” from amid an extremely heterogeneous and complex spatial universe. And the pressure to <i>see</i> insurgent activity on this multi-layered ground has been a major factor in the many cases in which unarmed civilians were “erroneously” murdered by drones, after the operators and image analysts navigating them “saw” mundane objects as “rifles,” people praying as a sign that they were “Taliban,” or children as potentially hostile “adolescents.” “If seeing is believing,” Gregory observes, “it is also techno-culturally mediated” (p. 203) (see also Gregory's recent blog post on this topic over at his blog <a href="http://geographicalimaginations.com/2013/06/25/black-spots-and-blank-spots/">Geographical Imaginations</a>).</div>
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This reveals, first, the profoundly affective nature of these visual fields, in which vision is not an unmediated mechanical or optical process but a bodily-cultural perception, in which drone operators and analysts are affected and often disoriented by the opaque terrain they seek to interpret. But this also reveals what Allen Feldman, based on his materials on paramilitary violence in northern Ireland, has called “<a href="http://culturalinquiry.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/Feldman_Violence%20and%20Vision.pdf">the core of blindness</a>” that defines panoptic regimes: a blindness produced by the disassociation or gap between mechanical <i>visual capture</i> and <i>receptive seeing</i>. Yet the global panopticon faces a more profound core of blindness, which is constitutive not of the technologies of capture but of the sheer multiplicity of forms, objects, flows, and rhythms of the space it seeks to apprehend.</div>
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Henri Lefebvre gave us important clues as to how to disrupt the very notion of a spatial totality. In <i>The Urban Revolution</i>, he argued that the urban phenomenon “can only be comprehended as a totality;” but he warned that this totality “cannot be grasped.” “It escapes us. It is always elsewhere” (p. 186). Likewise, the spatial totality of Empire is something that cannot be grasped because it is haunted by the multiplicity that escapes not only our analytic lens but also the panoptic gaze. And understanding this core of blindness, this opaque elsewhere, requires revisiting what is probably one of Foucault’s most groundbreaking contributions to a political understanding of space: that visibility is central to the operations of power. Foucault’s analysis of the vertical visual field of Bentham’s panopticon shows that <i>seeing a body</i> is a key dimension to <i>controlling</i> it. Paul Virilio examined a similar relation in regards to violence when he wrote, “For men at war, the function of the weapon is the function of the eye” (War and Cinema p. 26). Yet this exclusive focus on what the gazes <i>sees</i>, this purely positive approach to visibility, risks replicating imperial fantasies of global mastery by erasing those places and practices that evade visual capture. And this requires drawing from Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s analysis of visual perception, and especially his argument that the visual field of the body faces <i>spatial limits</i>. Beyond the edges of our visual fields, Merleau-Ponty argued, space becomes phenomenologically invisible: a virtual field we may know about (from memory, images, books, movies, etc.) but that escapes our direct sensory apprehension. The reach and technological sophistication of the imperial panopticon has dramatically expanded these fields but has not changed the fact that the visual field created by the human body is <i>limited</i> and always faces, as Lefebvre would put it, an elsewhere that cannot be grasped. Yet this negative route to the problem of visibility should avoid a dichotomy between visibility and invisibility and examine what the panoptic eye <i>may</i> <i>see without seeing</i>. The notion of opacity is important in this regard, for it focuses on those spaces of indistinction that the panopticon <i>observes without grasping and without understanding</i>. And the terrain remains opaque, even to technologies with planetary reach, because of the sheer heterogeneity of its forms and flows, especially in terrains defined by high levels of striation and multiplicity of folds such as forests, mountains, and cities: for millennia the natural havens of anti-imperial insurgencies. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNyfValfiJxFWSaTmViBJZ9SYb9WNjsPQ8E97taulKEkIEx2LJo2VH9Te5XKBgd0tj-P-y7yCFIlRhuEcaDw4poOojVmfF9lYiiaPU2Y4c_VsFkpvGeMQzzk8JUCo24AQy8Mok9ysWNfc/s1600/matrix.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="177" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNyfValfiJxFWSaTmViBJZ9SYb9WNjsPQ8E97taulKEkIEx2LJo2VH9Te5XKBgd0tj-P-y7yCFIlRhuEcaDw4poOojVmfF9lYiiaPU2Y4c_VsFkpvGeMQzzk8JUCo24AQy8Mok9ysWNfc/s320/matrix.png" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a> The pure multiplicity of the actually existing spaces of planet Earth is the foundational principle of a theory of terrain. Alain Badiou has argued that the question of being requires dissolving the fantasy of being-as-One through the figure of the pure multiplicity of being. To say that something is, Badiou argues, is to say that something is pure multiplicity. A theory of terrain is the spatialization of Badiou’s ontology. Terrain, I propose, is the name of the pure multiplicity of space. Or put it differently, the pure multiplicity of the terrain is the ontological condition of what space <i>is</i>. This is not a transcendental spatial ontology but an immanent one, not unlike the one <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Spinoza </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">was</span> after when he conceived of “Nature” as a universe indifferent to our presence. The best way to illustrate the multiplicity of terrain is by way of its opposite: space conceived of as pure homogeneity. The epitome of homogeneous space devoid of heterogeneity and texture is Newton’s absolute space: a matrix that can be measured in terms of <i>points</i> and <i>positions</i>. As Edward Casey has argued, this is space “empty not only of things but also of place itself” (The Fate of Place p. 139). This is the blank space represented in some scenes of the film <i>The Matrix</i>: a space <i>devoid of forms </i>in which Morpheus explains to Neo what The Matrix is, while they are fully immersed in the limitless nothingness of pure homogeneity. This is precisely how a rising European bourgeoisie conceived of the global geography it was eager to conquer and commoditize: space stripped off qualitative, sensuous dimensions and reduced to a quantifiable abstraction. And this is the homogenous space that the imperial panopticon fantasizes about as fully observable. </div>
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In the past few decades, a vast and sophisticated literature has criticized these abstracting spatial imaginaries, from the phenomenological argument that places are only conceivable through the body’s sensory orientation to Lefebvre’s emphasis on the destructiveness and violence that the “abstract space” of capitalism is founded upon. Yet I believe that this critique of spatial abstraction has not gone far enough, and that we have yet to develop a theory of space that takes to heart its tangible multiplicity and ruggedness. While we count on a rich, ever-growing literature on “space,” “place,” “landscape,” or “territory,” the scholarship on the one concept that hints at this material multiplicity, “terrain,” is remarkably thin (with the exception of an important article by Elden that I review below). The term “terrain” is more often than not treated as a flat, descriptive, vaguely defined term. But <i>how</i> the term is thus used is revealing of its power to account for multiplicity and volume, for "terrain" is regularly mentioned to refer to a space <i>whose three-dimensionality and heterogeneity affects human mobility and visibility</i>: for instance, in references to “the terrain” navigated by mountain climbers, skiers, and explorers or the “urban terrain” that involves counter-insurgency military operations. More importantly, the political salience of terrain is clear in that military strategists (and now drone operators) have been long aware of the importance of this concept in warfare. Sensibility to the multiplicity of forms, textures, materiality, and volume of the terrain has always been a decisive principle of combat, because it is through the manipulation of this multiplicity that you can increase your field of vision and, at the same time, increase your opacity in relation to the enemy’s visual field.<br />
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One of the few authors who have examined the concept of terrain is Stuart Elden, who explores it in relation to “land” and “territory” (see his paper "Land, Terrain, Territory" <a href="http://phg.sagepub.com/content/34/6/799.full.pdf">here</a>). Elden rightly notes that the term is used by geologists, physical geographers, and military strategists “with little conceptual precision” and that most references to terrain are “very vague” and tend to reduce it to “land form, rather than process” (p. 807). He subsequently examines the importance of terrain as land that has strategic, political, and military significance. Yet he also argues that terrain, together with land, should be subsumed to territory as a political technology of spatial control. Land and terrain, he concludes, “are necessary but insufficient to grasp territory” (p. 811). Elden’s analysis is crucial, first, because he identifies the salience of terrain in the spatiality of violence and territoriality, thereby opening up a field of research that has remained under-analyzed in the literature on space. But while it is certainly true that terrain is not enough to understand territory, it could be argued that terrain can help us better understand territory and, in particular, the politics of verticality.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAWDvq2opwtOAQ4NJXZWoeEaxe-vQ3zVBRYRf4Zd5WM5L5M2cJ3W1mhtL4qoTyNEdDd8IYCZbL2wCShI2ztnbKfnE8vAFxYdt2s_3rM1pyf-fejIAHtpRHpIQtZ83FFzlOQh21waLzySM/s1600/herk+over+the+mountains.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAWDvq2opwtOAQ4NJXZWoeEaxe-vQ3zVBRYRf4Zd5WM5L5M2cJ3W1mhtL4qoTyNEdDd8IYCZbL2wCShI2ztnbKfnE8vAFxYdt2s_3rM1pyf-fejIAHtpRHpIQtZ83FFzlOQh21waLzySM/s320/herk+over+the+mountains.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a> A key principle of a theory of terrain is that there is something about its material multiplicity that escapes political capture. A case in point are the rugged striations and folds of the mountains of Afghanistan, which have provided refuge for anti-imperial insurgencies in very different historical circumstances and in the face of different territorial regimes. For this reason, subsuming terrain to territory risks not only recreating the conceptual vagueness of the concept but also reducing, for instance, the densely layered materiality of those mountains to a dead, passive, fixed “land form” on which active political territories are built. The fact that the presence of those massive rock formations, in fact, can powerfully affect and constrain political processes tells us that an analysis of terrain requires an object-oriented theory of space, which does not reduce matter, its volume, and its forms to what humans make of them. My analysis of terrain draws, in this regard, from the object-oriented ontologies proposed in the past decade by authors like Latour, Harman, and <a href="http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/">Bryant</a>, who have rightly argued that there is always something in the materiality of objects that escapes how they are socially appropriated and conceptualized. Likewise, the material objects and forms that make up the multiplicity of terrain ---mountains, cities, rivers, walls, tunnels, valleys, buildings--- are never exhausted by how they are linguistically appropriated or politically controlled. Yet a theory of terrain seeks to unsettle anthropocentric-constructivist views of space but without being “post-human,” in the sense that a political understanding of the “agentive force” of spatial forms requires that the main vector of our analysis is, still, <i>the human body</i> and its mobility. This also means that terrain and territory, as Elden observes, cannot be separated from each other. The volume, forms, multiplicity and temporality of terrain affect and channel human mobility and the spatiality of violence, and are thereby <i>constitutive</i> of territory, not as a determining force but as its plastic, ever-malleable and contested medium, without which human life is inconceivable.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjap2sHWH9BN7Y67ksVW7PLKufKpTz2-_fhMcpBf6TY8rE3K5Sz7QIwD_2v1_PmhGuzPcT9cq714aE-dbPOID1xtRe5DVuN5Fc9NNs6sbIo-LFcwT1k94TWNYU9VLBT7tLlG6IR5Psgbg/s1600/israeli-separation-wall-divides-shuafat-refugee-camp--pisgat-zeev-israeli-settlement-west-bank-24.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjap2sHWH9BN7Y67ksVW7PLKufKpTz2-_fhMcpBf6TY8rE3K5Sz7QIwD_2v1_PmhGuzPcT9cq714aE-dbPOID1xtRe5DVuN5Fc9NNs6sbIo-LFcwT1k94TWNYU9VLBT7tLlG6IR5Psgbg/s320/israeli-separation-wall-divides-shuafat-refugee-camp--pisgat-zeev-israeli-settlement-west-bank-24.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a> <a href="http://www.versobooks.com/authors/412-eyal-weizman">Eyal Weizman</a>'s notable work embodies like no other the political importance of an understanding of terrain. His analysis of the material spatiality of the Israeli occupation of Palestine is conceptually groundbreaking and the best example I know of a volumetric and political analysis of terrain. In <i><a href="http://www.versobooks.com/books/1107-hollow-land">Hollow Land</a></i>, he shows with devastating detail how territoriality and violence operate <i>through</i> the material, rugged, and three-dimensional forms of the terrain and the built environment. Weizman analyzes, in particular, how the Israeli military treats the terrain as the medium of its domination, as a political plastic whose multiple material forms are permanently modified, calibrated, and observed through a dense maze of walls, fences, checkpoints, observation posts on hilltops, satellites, and drones that are guided by a simple goal: to keep millions of Palestinians relatively immobile and visible. Weizman’s work powerfully illustrates the power of a territorial analysis of terrain. But while he mentions the word “terrain” constantly in his writing, he does not analyze it as a conceptual category. A theory of terrain draws from Elden's analysis of territory as a political technology of spatial domination and from Weizman's work to argue that territoriality is created through the manipulation of the forms of the terrain. And because a theory of terrain is object-oriented, it is also sensitive to the power of spatial forms and objects to preclude vision and constrain political practices. Weizman reveals that the physicality of the topography imposes limits on regimes of hyper-visibility. Palestinians, he shows, also manipulate the terrain to create spaces of opacity, especially in one of the few spaces they count on to evade the panoptic eye: the underground. In Gaza, in particular, the construction of hundreds of tunnels across the Egyptian border has for years partly undermined the Israeli siege and has created zones of opacity in the one area of the terrain, the crust of the planet, that satellites and drones cannot penetrate.</div>
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And this takes me to a final point as to why my view of terrain draws from theories of negativity. Badiou argues that the figure of the pure multiplicity of being, precisely because this multiplicity cannot be represented, is the void. The void is, indeed, the figure of the terrain. This void should be read not as an abstraction but in its spatial and bodily immanence: through the vertigo that the vast, opaque, three-dimensional, and not fully visible geographies of the planet create in the human body. This is the void graphically represented, for instance, in Tim Hetherington’s documentary <i>Restrepo</i>, where US soldiers stationed in an outpost in the Korengal Valley in eastern Afghanistan felt haunted by the terrain they were immersed in (see my review of the film <a href="http://spaceandpolitics.blogspot.ca/2011/04/on-imperial-edge-of-void.html">here</a>). In the film, those soldiers make it clear that those opaque mountains, forests, and valleys were for them a hostile immensity that turned insurgents into a ghostly presence. Those mountains constitute a tangible void within Empire: one of the countless outsides of a world without outside.Gastón Gordillohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524310935707885766noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4465950730953186851.post-9120867624401115412013-06-15T11:43:00.003-07:002013-06-26T23:32:30.595-07:00The Imperial Presidency<div id="fb-root">
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The confirmation that everything we write, say, or do electronically is being "recorded" and stored in giant databases indicates that the aggressive expansiveness of the planetary surveillance apparatus does not tolerate the existence of places beyond its reach. This is precisely how Hardt and Negri define the globalized system of sovereignty they call Empire: as a spatial totality "without outside."<i> </i>Empire marks, in this regard, not just a new territoriality that overrides national territories but <i>the planet-as-territory</i>. And while Empire began forming two decades ago with the global triumph of neoliberal capitalism, it has only coalesced as a mature political entity under the Obama presidency. This presidency is not simply the heir to the old, nationally-based US imperialism; it presides over something much larger and planetary in scope, forged in alliance with military-political nodes from all over the world: <i>a spatially expansive project to make the totality of the planet observable, controllable, and subservient to a neoliberal ontology of profits.</i></div>
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The Obama presidency has further consolidated Empire by removing the last political and spatial obstacles that prevented an unrestrained deployment of imperial violence and surveillance on the totality of the planet and the whole of humanity. The constitutional protections from abuse of power by the sovereign that were enshrined by the bourgeois revolutions of the late 1700s (the right to trial, the right to privacy, etc.) managed to create for a few generations a relative spatial sanctuary from the terror that imperial forces regularly unleashed overseas. This relative sanctuary exempted US citizens from what imperial forces have always done directly or by proxy in places like Vietnam, Guatemala, or Afghanistan: detaining people without trial, assassinating them, or having their homes and personal communications submitted to permanent surveillance. These privileges enjoyed by a few hundred millions of people (among the billions of the whole of humanity) have now been terminated by an imperial sovereign that no longer tolerates limits to his capacity to decide <i>who must die</i>. The "kill lists" regularly approved by Emperor Obama, in short, have no bounds and no restraints, and are solely dependent <i>on his own will as absolute sovereign power</i>. A legion of imperial assassins and drones are being permanently dispatched to all corners of the world following Obama's "thumbs down" signal. The best expression that we are witnessing not simply a transition but a <i>rupture</i> in global geographical configurations is the fact that recent TV shows like <i>The Wire</i> (with cops seeking warrants from a judge to set up a wire) and movies like <i>The Bourne Ultimatum</i> (with US intelligence officials going to jail for ordering the assassination of US citizens) have become quaint, disjointed relics from another era. Old forms of racial, class, and imperial privilege will not vanish overnight, for it is easier to “take out” civilians in the mountains of Pakistan than it is in New York City. But the violent repression of the Occupy movement in New York and in the rest of the United States submitted many white, middle-class US citizens to the type of police brutality (coordinated by the FBI and involving 8,000 arrests and hundreds of people injured while in police custody) that in previous years was usually restricted to poor African-Americans. This erosion of liberal notions of citizenship marks a key threshold, and a rupture, toward the historically novel and totalizing territoriality of Empire.</div>
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The rise of an imperial architecture of surveillance and militarization is a major project of counter-revolutionary engineering. While official propaganda seeks to distract the public by insisting that the current hyper-surveillance is a response to “Islamic terrorism,” the latter poses no existential threats to Empire. In fact, the main impact of "terrorist attacks" has been to empower the global elites and make a fearful public more amenable to their will. The internet and mobile communication networks are being militarized because they have become the channels of much more threatening forces: multiple anti-imperial, anti-elite, and anti-neoliberal movements that have appropriated and politicized the open-ended spatiality of communication networks to disrupt, challenge, and interrupt the material currents and flows of Empire. This anti-elite appropriation of the internet had a profound political impact on the streets (in North Africa, southern Europe, North America) and in the breaching of the secrecy of the security apparatus (Wikileaks, Anonymous). The attempt by the Obama presidency to tame the internet and turn it "into the largest and most powerful surveillance system ever created" (as Julian Assange rightly puts it) is not simply an effort to curb political dissent, as in China or Bahrain; it is a profoundly <i>imperial gesture</i> that seeks to expand its controlling gaze over the totality of the globe. The fact that the Obama presidency has consistently supported state terrorism against demands for democracy and social justice from Bahrain to Honduras and that it has expressed open hostility against countries marked by grassroots, egalitarian, and anti-capitalist sentiments like Venezuela confirms that Empire is, above all, a machinery guided by the ontology of profits of the global capitalist elites. The main vector that reproduces this spatiality with no outside is violence in its material capacity to destroy and mutilate human bodies. “Imperial sovereignty means that no point of space or time and no element of the biopolitical tissue is safe from intervention” (Tiqqun, Introduction to Civil War, p. 157). </div>
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While acknowledging the immense power of the surveillance apparatus of Empire enthusiastically co-generated by corporations and state agencies, we must not lose sight of the <i>political weakness</i> that its existence reveals. The global panoptic reveals that the bourgeois elites of Empire are <i>fearful </i>of the <i>opacity</i> that is constitutive of the planet (I examine this opacity in my post <a href="http://spaceandpolitics.blogspot.ca/2013/06/opaque-zones-of-empire_25.html">Opaque Zones of Empire</a>). The panicked, knee-jerk reaction by the many pundits who demonized NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden also reveals that the elites’ fear of the opacity of the world is proportional to their fear of losing the opacity they feel entitled to. The articles by <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/comment/2013/06/edward-snowden-nsa-leaker-is-no-hero.html">Jefreey Toobin</a> at <i>The New Yorker</i> and <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/11/opinion/brooks-the-solitary-leaker.html?_r=0">David Brooks</a> at <i>The New York Times,</i> for instance, reveal, first, that these elites are lying through their teeth and therefore seek to destroy the message by killing the messenger. Most tellingly, they consistently defend their Orwellian imperial state with an Orwellian double-speak. Both Toobin and Brooks argue that Snowden is an “enemy of transparency” for demanding transparency and that he “broke the law” for revealing that the Obama presidency has systematically violated the US Constitution. Orwell’s <i>1984</i> is not simply an allegory of the present: it <i>is</i> the present of a planetary machinery obsessed with making every space observable while waging war in the name of peace. The fact that the presidency that regularly approves "kill lists" was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize is not, strictly speaking, a contradiction. This is how the global elites see imperial terror: as a civilizing campaign of pacification. Yet we should resist the techno-fetishized aura of God-like inevitability that the media projects onto this powerful Imperial Eye. All empires in human history, after all, are sooner of later reduced to rubble. And the paranoid Imperial Eye that is obsessively scanning the whole world fears the planetary and human immensity that it will never be able to fully visualize, control, and apprehend. </div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Aux morts de la Commune, Mai 21-28, 1871</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt_4Yd3w6Zm8flppOFlvq1CdJl6D-l0tAd6kcN5bkWfw95dw9LobGJnCUd_X2gikAyGMgY71rJDHMEh4ckLe_XPosVAdndS8-aJiDB_ebsI8U2aQo1gB10YKfR8QFwDEOQHkr1v46x3h0/s1600/commune.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt_4Yd3w6Zm8flppOFlvq1CdJl6D-l0tAd6kcN5bkWfw95dw9LobGJnCUd_X2gikAyGMgY71rJDHMEh4ckLe_XPosVAdndS8-aJiDB_ebsI8U2aQo1gB10YKfR8QFwDEOQHkr1v46x3h0/s320/commune.jpg" height="158" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Laughter
alone, the eternal prerogative of man, survives, splendid, invincible, in a
world in ruins.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 219.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Villiers de
I’Isle-Adam, <i>Paris, May 1871</i></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
<!--EndFragment--></span>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A day like yesterday </span>in Paris a hundred and forty two-years ago, the
French state was finishing off the massacre of 30,000 men, women, and
children who had dared to challenge the hierarchies of the global order. When the people of Paris rose up demanding equality and took control of the city
for over two months, the state responded with swift ferocity and turned the city into a field of rubble and mass graves. All the global elites from the United States to Argentina had demanded the massacre in the press, and cheered at the slaughter of those "feral" creatures. The corpses were buried, the city was rebuilt, and Paris became, once again, the global
capital of bourgeois splendor, as it is still seen today. The difference is that today Paris competes in glamour with
the hyper-vertical, aggressive masculinity of Dubai’s skyscrapers, the new material pinnacle of what Walter Benjamin aptly called the
capitalist phantasmagoria. These new neoliberal "evil paradises" in the petro-states of the Gulf, as Mike Davis calls them, are also built, like Paris, upon the disregard for destruction, clear in that those fetishized totems of capitalism are built by the quasi-slave labor of South Asian workers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8qMJ_kFW-y7cSNpAQiLM9eR5nUOdsfrM8nhBzwIIrGTJTBDhT84Az2pSAsCJSnO8_gdZ82qX8wBbHiFNAVA5SHoMX5P4QSW2QqahmmXZ364rMC5s3ALnhUWZpUTeHZtkd9TG4QNjGnCQ/s1600/we+are+not+afraid+f+ruins.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8qMJ_kFW-y7cSNpAQiLM9eR5nUOdsfrM8nhBzwIIrGTJTBDhT84Az2pSAsCJSnO8_gdZ82qX8wBbHiFNAVA5SHoMX5P4QSW2QqahmmXZ364rMC5s3ALnhUWZpUTeHZtkd9TG4QNjGnCQ/s200/we+are+not+afraid+f+ruins.jpg" height="200" width="171" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Next May, now that my book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4465950730953186851#editor/target=post;postID=320080215117982492;onPublishedMenu=template;onClosedMenu=template;postNum=5;src=postname">Rubble</a></i>
is coming to an end (it enters production with Duke in a week), I hope to begin an
ethnographic research on the afterlife of the Paris Commune in today's Paris. I want to explore what the Paris commune created in the texture of the city and to what degree Paris is haunted by the revolutionary event that once destroyed it. But the Paris Commune also reveals, in a totally different context,
some of the main arguments I have tried to make in <i>Rubble</i> about ruins,
destruction, affect, and the ways in which destruction is disregarded through forms of ruin-fetishization that make
massive piles of rubble and mass graves invisible. This essay draws from a section of the conclusions of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rubble</i> that reflects on the intimate
relation between revolution, rubble, and <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the elite fear of
ruins</span>.</span><br />
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</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The Commune took place not just anywhere but in Paris. It cannot be overemphasized what a radical political rupture the appearance of a powerful insurrection in the heart of Paris was at the time. This was the place
that Benjamin saw as the phantasmagoric
world capital of the bourgeois dream-world, today constellationally entangled with the
verticality cultivated in Dubai or New York. This is a phantasmagoria that fears the broken objects and cracks that may erode the impression that these are full, positive objects. In tacit response to the elite fear of their own ruptured places, Spanish Anarchist leader Buenaventura Durruti said in 1936 in the
early days of the Spanish Civil War, before he was killed in Madrid by a
Stalinist sniper: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">We aren’t afraid of
ruins</i>. His disregard for ruins was an assertion of the defence of the life of those who were already living amid rubble. "We are not afraid of ruins" was the implicit cry of the Paris Commune, as it was
slaughtered by the class that fears ruins the most.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">As Benjamin documented, in the nineteenth century </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Paris was made, destroyed, and remade by a
violent duel between barricades built by the working-class and boulevards built
by the bourgeoisie. The number of barricades peaked in the 1848 insurrection,
when 3,000 saturated the medieval, narrow, and winding streets of working-class
Paris and made state repression slow and costly. In the 1850s, the Second
French Empire responded to this spatial-political threat with Baron Haussmann
and the most ambitious project of counter-revolutionary spatial engineering ever
sought. Haussmann’s goal was to radically change<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">form</i> of the whole
city. Hundreds of urban blocks were demolished to create an urban space that was easier to police: smooth space without major obstacles built on straight and wide strips that facilitated the movement of troops and expanded the range of artillery. This was a military gesture: an attempt to master the terrain of future combat by changing its form. This also reveals that the terrain is a material plastic, whose form is permanently modified. The boulevards were born.
Benjamin wrote, “The true goal of Haussmann’s projects was to secure the city
against civil war. He wanted to make the erection of barricades impossible for
all time” (Paris, capital of the 19th century). But the boulevards also played a key affective function: these were to be the positive places that would impress and dazzle. The places of bourgeois spectacle were formally made. This rendered the in-doors arcades obsolete. Commodities were now displayed in the flow of the streets. The World Exhibition of
1867 turned Paris into the world capital of the booming, dazzling
capitalist-imperial spectacle: the cultural, ideological, and affective core of global capitalism and European imperialism.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwcZxqc6eprmKf7huRnbumBVjSA0CPMgv36QxnnhdXkYbZKGmeDR14l9Ek1IJ2qHPPr78nzaIk5glozkifrSOti2Etnu5Hpq-2lQw6MFSr-K4rY_Xc3R6GDSyYNW8kFlcUwmyb9cuogb0/s1600/pariscommune1871.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwcZxqc6eprmKf7huRnbumBVjSA0CPMgv36QxnnhdXkYbZKGmeDR14l9Ek1IJ2qHPPr78nzaIk5glozkifrSOti2Etnu5Hpq-2lQw6MFSr-K4rY_Xc3R6GDSyYNW8kFlcUwmyb9cuogb0/s320/pariscommune1871.jpg" height="157" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The appearance of the Paris Commune</span> shattered <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the phantasmagoria of the commodity-fetishism
that Haussmann had rendered in stone. It was an abrupt awakening from the
bourgeois dream triggered by the humiliating French defeat in the hands of the
Prussian army at Sedan in September 1870 and the subsequent collapse of the
Second Empire. With Paris under siege by German troops and most of the
population feeling betrayed, the French national guards protecting the city
rebelled against the state in alliance with the local population, especially
after the failed attempt by the French government, led by Thiers, to capture
the canons held by national guards on the hill of Montmartre on March 18, 1871.
While Thiers fled to Versailles, the Commune made itself as constituent power
through elections held a few days later. Marx wrote, “The great social measure
of the commune was its own working existence” (The Civil War in France, p. 65).
</span>This was sovereignty that asserted itself from the bottom-up: through
universal suffrage and a military force made up of working men, the national
guards.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTIhDr67LvZGppW9URlhVFRi3IHO6X-8DUnurS2QrE7ye029Ei8ODOQbYVZyo9iFuFuJtsnkGFCQ_9aNWQpLwZUZx6vnKiQxRJ5HERk7qUPKlvVW7aFcIhEmjkkJvJgbPzGwGRzhRynbw/s1600/paris+commune+34.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTIhDr67LvZGppW9URlhVFRi3IHO6X-8DUnurS2QrE7ye029Ei8ODOQbYVZyo9iFuFuJtsnkGFCQ_9aNWQpLwZUZx6vnKiQxRJ5HERk7qUPKlvVW7aFcIhEmjkkJvJgbPzGwGRzhRynbw/s200/paris+commune+34.jpg" height="256" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Under control of an armed insurgency, the form of Paris changed.
Multitudes permanently claimed and occupied the streets and saturated them with
red flags, the new symbol of universal emancipation and anti-imperialism.
Witnesses described that a non-hierarchical effervescence took over the city,
“the carnival of the oppressed.” Barricades went up all over Paris</span> as
federal troops began surrounding the city in collaboration with German troops.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> As a communard put it, the barricades were
not shelters but intentional striations of space: material obstacles “to
prevent the enemy forces from circulating, to bring them to a halt” (Edwards, The Communards of Paris, p. 167). These barricades were not just numerous: they
were </span>the largest ever built in the history of Paris. Benjamin wrote, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">“The barricade is resurrected during the
Commune. It is stronger and better secured than ever. It stretches across the
great boulevards, often reaching a height of two stories” (The
Arcades Project, p. 12). The form of the barricades adopted and colonized the
form of the boulevards.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>T</span>he
members of the Commune also altered the form of the city by destroying
monuments that celebrated bourgeois-imperial oppression. The Vendome Column,
built by Napoleon I to celebrate imperial conquest overseas, was brought down
to the cheers of large multitudes. Claiming continuity with the French
Revolution, communards tore down the Chapel of Atonement built in expiation of
the execution of Louis XVI. Yet they also negated Jacobin terror by publicly
destroying the guillotine. The communards did not see the guillotine as a tool
of revolutionary justice but for what it really was: an instrument of terror and state
oppression.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih799m4kV1-LPQHFq6y4l8SYY_NGY3gPWHtFXX8C4US4ZZU2JXO2G3bV4Kfr8zMSgmypqXig8tkIZZwq-ALlKTyYirBwF0CkG_vT43Bfn0YD3qDUjrdmIvoHFfGC1C7Qquf0yCaoJQqCE/s1600/1871barricade.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih799m4kV1-LPQHFq6y4l8SYY_NGY3gPWHtFXX8C4US4ZZU2JXO2G3bV4Kfr8zMSgmypqXig8tkIZZwq-ALlKTyYirBwF0CkG_vT43Bfn0YD3qDUjrdmIvoHFfGC1C7Qquf0yCaoJQqCE/s200/1871barricade.jpg" height="140" width="200" /></span></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Benjamin made clear why the Commune was key to this investigation of
nineteenth-century Paris: it was a collective awakening from the nightmare of
the dream-world. The people of Paris reduced the bourgeois phantasmagoria to
rubble. Lefebvre and The Situationist International went further:
what made the Paris Commune an extraordinary historical event is that it
created a radically new, previously-unseen type of urban space: an egalitarian,
participatory, and resonant “carnival of the oppressed.” Class and gender
hierarchies collapsed, women asserted a powerful leadership role in the
organization of space, and the very idea of “public space” was dissolved
because the streets were democratized and turned <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">festive</i>. </span>All observers noted the festive resonance that
dominated Paris during the Commune. “Our laughter comes easily. We feel quite
at home in our childish and dangerous world of make-believe” <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span>ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Cite><Author>Edwards</Author><Year>1973</Year><RecNum>1633</RecNum><Suffix>:144</Suffix><record><rec-number>1633</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN"
db-id="et5etsfemfxrzgeaz5fvsrw6vp5d5p0vtxv2">1633</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica" size="12">Edwards,
Stewart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica" size="12">The
Communards of Paris, 1871</style></title></titles><dates><year><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica"
size="12">1973</style></year></dates><pub-location><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica"
size="12">Ithaca,
NY</style></pub-location><publisher><style
face="normal" font="Helvetica" size="12">Cornell
University
Press</style></publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Edwards, p. 14)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]-->.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>The
effervescence did not subdue even when, by early May, people knew that the
Commune was besieged, doomed, and about to be crushed by the federal army.
Villiers de I’Isle-Adam published the following lines in one of the papers of
the Commune, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Le Tribune du People</i>,
right before the slaughter was unleashed on Paris: “Would you believe it? Paris
is fighting and singing! Paris is about to be attacked by a ruthless and
furious army and she laughs!” Villiers concluded, “Laughter alone, the eternal
prerogative of man, survives, splendid, invincible, in a world in ruins”
(Edwards, p. 141-142). This is a Nietzschean laughter: celebrating the joyful
and “invincible” power of life even amid the negativity of widespread
destruction.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi1wiFAXfGRkrheFfuKwz-ogII4g5LEBOIAl1BY4KyTFezdRUr_vaZvinWDpimFhQpgztAwSO1FY7obaRxODsHd1oX08PE-rYgl7CrIiaEru5FQQ9gvkjbsSIts2CCVRhAKKSxQ2zaIic/s1600/paris-commune3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi1wiFAXfGRkrheFfuKwz-ogII4g5LEBOIAl1BY4KyTFezdRUr_vaZvinWDpimFhQpgztAwSO1FY7obaRxODsHd1oX08PE-rYgl7CrIiaEru5FQQ9gvkjbsSIts2CCVRhAKKSxQ2zaIic/s200/paris-commune3.jpg" height="200" width="182" /></span></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">On May 21, troops began to enter
the western areas of Paris. Many communards put up a fierce resistance. But
many others preferred to engage in acts of self-immolation rather than killing
or surrendering. There were many cases of national guards killed when they
were trying to speak to soldiers and convince them to join them. Women took a
leading role in performing self-less assertions of control over their life. Many federal soldiers were shocked in facing the same
sight in many parts of the city: women who calmly climbed to the top of the
barricades to make themselves killed. Marx wrote, “The Paris people die
enthusiastically for the Commune in numbers unequal in any other battle known
to history. … The women of Paris joyfully give up their lives at the barricades
and on the place of execution” (p. 76). Self-destruction, Deleuze wrote in his book
on Nietzsche, is the most affirmative form of negation: the moment when the negative
illuminates and “shoots out like lightning.”</span></div>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglftSK6UIcmh5pYJMfvu1E2rFQsRndaxn7Y9lfmrF4o10GFSYkjcIMh9wXC3qWxV_ipAjHJuWfhFv2YBY2Pe8qNWiksmLCdKg7ALU-S6I7eNP6yB23lH05u4h8hAgS2nd8WuDH5SQKPfg/s1600/300px-Communards_in_their_Coffins.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglftSK6UIcmh5pYJMfvu1E2rFQsRndaxn7Y9lfmrF4o10GFSYkjcIMh9wXC3qWxV_ipAjHJuWfhFv2YBY2Pe8qNWiksmLCdKg7ALU-S6I7eNP6yB23lH05u4h8hAgS2nd8WuDH5SQKPfg/s200/300px-Communards_in_their_Coffins.jpg" height="249" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Amid the generalized wave of massacres
known as “the bloody week,” the flames engulfed Paris for several days. The
federal troops led by Thiers executed close to 30,000 men, women, and children.
Dozens of thousands were sent to prisoner camps and 7,000 were deported to the
Pacific. Marx noted that in order to find a massacre of similar proportions in
a large European city one needs to go back to the times of the Second
Triumvirates in the Roman Empire. The main difference, he said, is that the
massacres in Paris, unlike those in Rome, were done “in the name of civilization”
(1998:75). The Argentine ruling classes were greatly inspired by the civilizing
violence that the French elites unleashed on those feral savages. Their goal
would soon afterwards be to turn Buenos Aires into “the Paris of South America,”
looking up to the city built upon the rubble of the Commune. In those days, President
Sarmiento was dealing with the feral creatures of the deserts of the Gran Chaco
and Patagonia with equal savagery.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The smoldering ruins of Paris in
late May 1871 marked, first, the destruction of a revolutionary city that for
over two months had created a qualitatively novel type of place. This
destruction added to the destructive production of a bourgeois city begun two
decades earlier by Haussmann’s boulevards. Benjamin aptly wrote, “The burning of Paris is the worthy conclusion to
Haussmann’s work of destruction”. The rubble and mass graves of the
Commune were thereby the ruins that the French and global elites <i>celebrated</i>. Marx noted that
Bismarck, who defeated the French army in 1870 only to collaborate with it to
crush the Commune, “gloats over the ruins of Paris” (p. 79). Shortly before
the Commune was obliterated, <i>The</i> <i>New York Herald</i> pleaded, “Make Paris a
heap of ruins if necessary, let its streets be made to run rivers of blood, let
all within it perish…” <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Cite><Author>Gluckstein</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>1694</RecNum><Suffix>:158</Suffix><record><rec-number>1694</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN"
db-id="et5etsfemfxrzgeaz5fvsrw6vp5d5p0vtxv2">1694</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gluckstein,
Donny</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The
Paris Commune: A Revolution in
Democracy</title></titles><dates><year>2011</year></dates><pub-location>Chicago</pub-location><publisher>Haymarket
Books</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Gluckstein 2011:158)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]-->. Thiers complied and said after the slaughter, “The ground is
strewn with their corpses. May this terrible sight serve as a lesson.” </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUc6g7oyR_fjyKDijsyzEahs8eY6MOKVneYISA98MrpJYkjP_aVCIJ2Jcj0EXuMFFnAxPkM674VVUBTmDIKuAN8u7BhchdAy9VQrryco6HVeFQ7_FbNZHH3xaeemqfKLMHHxdAicZUAFg/s1600/Paris_Commune_rue_de_Rivoli.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUc6g7oyR_fjyKDijsyzEahs8eY6MOKVneYISA98MrpJYkjP_aVCIJ2Jcj0EXuMFFnAxPkM674VVUBTmDIKuAN8u7BhchdAy9VQrryco6HVeFQ7_FbNZHH3xaeemqfKLMHHxdAicZUAFg/s200/Paris_Commune_rue_de_Rivoli.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Yet the ruins of Paris were also
the ruins of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">two cities folded into one</i>
and thereby <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">also</i> the rubble of
bourgeois Paris. The elite that disregarded the blood-drenched rubble of the
Commune was thereby horrified by the destruction of the positive architecture
of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">its</i> city, the capital of the
nineteenth century. Marx was quick to point out this hypocrisy, and emphasized
that the bourgeois veneration of the integrity of objects is directly
proportional to the bourgeois contempt for life: “The bourgeoisie of the whole
world, which looks complacently upon the wholesale massacre after the battle,
it convulsed by horror at the desecration of brick and mortar!” (1988:77).
Notably, Marx identified the profoundly affective and bodily nature of the
bourgeois reaction at the sight<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>of
its own ruins, which triggered a horror that made elite bodies “convulse” at
their fear of the void. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The prompt reconstruction of the
bourgeois city and its boulevards was thereby founded upon the erasure of the
fact that Paris was once reduced to rubble amid a powerful anti-capitalist
revolution that was brutally destroyed. This elite fear of ruins demanded
making the mass graves invisible. It also required treating the Commune, as Trouillot
said of the Haitian Revolution, as a “non-event”: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">as </i>something that never took place. Some of the largest mass graves
are currently underneath splendid areas of Paris like Notre Dame or the
Luxembourg Gardens; others are at the cemeteries of Montparnasse and P<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">è</span>re Lachaise, where the last
147 communards were executed against a wall. This wall holds a plaque “To the
Dead of the Commune, May 21-28, 1871.” On the last Saturday of May, every year
the plaque becomes a bright object that attracts a multitude of several
thousands who come to pay tribute to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">human
</i>debris of the Commune buried underneath. The foot of the plaque is showered
with flowers and messages of <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">thankfulness</span>
to those executed in the streets of Paris.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi7s6l0UOu5kZLtzZEN0me5ztpjla1QaTIlGau6VmH9w-W8rZV6MUe8cAyhrkLS-Tdhf23th-CKOUdOvFHbSyBnw3NPGTuFxIJCoE-nB0S9M1CwXozIpi45wxzptsTlkbioiozcLyJGBY/s1600/paris+burning.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi7s6l0UOu5kZLtzZEN0me5ztpjla1QaTIlGau6VmH9w-W8rZV6MUe8cAyhrkLS-Tdhf23th-CKOUdOvFHbSyBnw3NPGTuFxIJCoE-nB0S9M1CwXozIpi45wxzptsTlkbioiozcLyJGBY/s200/paris+burning.jpg" height="227" width="320" /></span></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">In May 2012, I talked in Paris
with activists from The Association of Friends of the Paris Commune. Their
actions and voice resonated with my experience at the foot of the Argentine
Andes. They highlighted, first, that the Commune was not dead but alive. And not unlike the Wichí leaders
of Santa Rosa in the heart of the Argentine Chaco, they were trying to mark the ghostly presence of invisible mass
graves in space, attracted by a material brightness of vast fields of bones
that official narratives had turned dim and dark. For now, activists in Paris are
placing plaques to bring the negativity hidden in the petrified architecture
back to life. The plaque they placed behind the H<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">ô</span>tel de Ville, steps away from Notre
Dame, now informs the largely indifferent passerby that underneath those placid
sidewalks the materiality of the city is made up of mass graves that contain
between 2,000 and 3,000 bodies. Back in May 1871, those bodies had helped turn Paris into a city that resonated to an assertive,
life-affirming disregard for rubble.</span></div>
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<!--EndFragment-->Gastón Gordillohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524310935707885766noreply@blogger.com1